eukaryotic cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

a cell which contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
- makes up multicellular organisms

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2
Q

describe the structure of the nucleus

A
  • nuclear pores allow movement of molecules eg mRNA
  • double membrane called nuclear envelope
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3
Q

describe the function of the nucleus

A
  • contains genetic info (DNA) which directs protein synthesis
  • DNA associates with histone proteins to form chromatin which prevents the DNA getting tangled
  • controls metabolic processes
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4
Q

describe the nucleolus

A
  • within nucleus
  • produces ribosomes
  • made of proteins and RNA
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5
Q

describe the structure of mitochondria

A
  • double membrane
  • inner membrane folded to form cristae
  • fluid interior = matrix
  • contains mitochondrial DNA
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6
Q

describe the function of mitochondria

A
  • respiration occurs
  • energy is stored in bonds of organic molecules
  • cristae has an increased surface area for respiration
  • contains enzymes
  • produces ATP
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7
Q

describe the structure and function of vesicles

A
  • membranous sacs for storage and transport made of phospholipid bilayer
  • contains fluid
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8
Q

describe the structure and function of lysosomes

A
  • specialised vesicles
  • contains hydrolytic enzymes
  • breaks down waste and pathogens
  • important in immune system
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9
Q

state the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate fibres

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10
Q

describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton (microfilaments)

A
  • contractile fibres
  • formed from actin protein
  • movement and contraction during cytokinesis
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11
Q

describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton (microtubules)

A
  • globular tublin proteins
  • polymerise to form tubes
  • acts like scaffold structure
  • holds shape and allows movement
  • composes spindle fibres
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12
Q

describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton (intermediate fibres)

A
  • mechanical strength
  • maintains integrity
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13
Q

summarise the function of the cytoskeleton

A
  • mechanical strength
  • allows movement of organelles
  • holds shape
  • important in composition of spindle fibres and cytokinesis
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14
Q

describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • network of membranes
  • flattened sacs called cisternae
  • connected to nucleus
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15
Q

describe the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage

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16
Q

describe the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

protein synthesis and transport

17
Q

describe the structure and function of ribosomes

A
  • free in cytoplasm or attached to RER
  • not membrane bound
  • exits nucleus via pores
  • constructed of rRNA and proteins
  • site of protein synthesis
18
Q

describe the structure and function of golgi apparatus

A
  • network of membranes
  • compact
  • formed from cisternae
  • modifies proteins
  • packages proteins into vesicles
19
Q

describe the structure and function of centrioles

A
  • part of cytoskeleton
  • composed of microtubules
  • 2 centrioles form centrosome in organising spindle fibres
20
Q

describe the structure and function of flagella

A
  • whip like structure
  • enables cell movement
  • detects chemical change in cell’s environment
21
Q

describe the structure and function of cilia

A
  • hair like structure
  • stationary = present on cell surface in sensory organs
  • mobile = creates a current to move fluid/objects adjacent to cell
  • each cilium contains 9 +/- 2 microtubules where parallel pairs slide over each other to create a beating motion
22
Q

describe the structure and function of the cell surface membrane

A
  • composed of lipids and proteins
  • regulates movement of substances in and out
  • receptor molecules allow it to respond to chemicals
23
Q

describe how a cell moves

A
  • depends on actin filament activity
  • filament lengths change when subunits are added
  • subunits change shape before being added to the minus end of the filament
  • subunit concentration in cytoplasm determine whether they are added to the filament
24
Q

describe the structure and function of a cellulose cell wall

A
  • surrounds cell surface membrane
  • keeps cell rigid
  • freely permeable
  • protects against pathogens
25
describe the structure and function of the permeable vacuole
* membrane lined sacs * selectively permeable membrane (tonoplast) * contains cell sap
26
describe the structure of chloroplasts
* double membrane * stroma fluid enclosed * thylakoids = internal membrane * granum = stacked thylakoids * granum contains chlorophyll pigment * granum joined by lamellae * starch produced in photosynthesis present as grains
27
describe the function of chloroplasts
* site of photosynthesis * contains DNA and ribosomes so can make proteins
28
what is the function of nuclear pores?
allows transport of mRNA and nucleotides
29
why do liver cells have many mitochondria?
to provide sufficient energy to support the metabolic functions so large amount of ATP required
30
why might images of chloroplasts appear different?
if they are cut at different angles