Eukaryotic cells

Question 1

How do large cells increase surface area?

Answer 1

By folds in the membrane. Most folds and wrinkles are intended to increase surface area.

Question 2

Why are cells tiny?

Answer 2

To maintain a good surface area:Volume ratio.

Question 3

What does volume determine?

Answer 3

Metabolic activity per time

Question 4

What does surface area determine?

Answer 4

Amt of substances that can enter or leave the cell.

Question 5

Function and structure of the cell membrane.

Answer 5

Semi-permeable barrier that allows homeostasis, as well as aiding in communication, receiving signals, and uses proteins to bind adjacent cells.

Question 6

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Answer 6

Eukaryotes are large, and have membrane enclosed compartments.

Question 7

Eukaryotic cells include a

Answer 7

cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton ribosomes, golgi complex, nucleus, lysosomes and peroxisomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts, mitochondria, SER and RER, and (in plants) a cell wall.

Question 8

Ribosomes are…

Answer 8

NOT MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

Question 9

what are the two types of ribosomes?

Answer 9

Free ribosomes and bound ribosomes

Question 10

How are free ribosomes and bound ribosomes used

Answer 10

Free ribosomes are used by the cell, bound ribosomes are used for export of proteins in cell membrane or lysosomes

Question 11

What is usually the largest organelle

Answer 11

The nucleus

Question 12

Where is DNA and DNA replication located?

Answer 12

The nucleus

Question 13

Where do assembly of ribosomes from RNA and proteins begin

Answer 13

The nucleolus

Question 14

Where does DNA combine with proteins? What does it form

Answer 14

The nucleus, chromatin in threads called chromosomes.

Question 15

The nucleus is surrounded by…

Answer 15

2 membranes that form the nuclear envelope

Question 16

Nuclear pores in the envelope control what

Answer 16

movement of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 17

What does the endomembrane system include?

Answer 17

The endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.

Question 18

What are vessicles

Answer 18

Membrane containers that shuttle substances to various components including the cell membrane

Question 19

What does the RER have that the SER does not?

Answer 19

Ribosomes attacthed to the outer surface

Question 20

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 20

Network of interconnected membranes in the cytoplasm. Folds increase surface area.

Question 21

All secreted and membrane proteins must pass though where?

Answer 21

RER

Question 22

Where do newly made proteins enter

Answer 22

RER lumen where they are chemically modified and tagged for delivery.

Question 23

What are polypeptides linked to after being folded in the lumen?

Answer 23

carbohydrate groups forming glycoproteins. Important for recognition and interactions between cells.

Question 24

Structure difference of SER from RER?

Answer 24

More tubular, no ribosomes.

Question 25

What does the SER do?

Answer 25

chemically modifies small molecules, degrades glycogen, synthesizes lipids, stores calcium.

Question 26

Golgi apparatus function?

Answer 26

receives proteins from RER, Concentrates, packages and sorts proteins, adds carbs to proteins, and synthesizes polysaccharides for cell walls.

Question 27

what are the three regions of the golgi apparatus

Answer 27

cis, tans, and medial regions

Question 28

trans region?

Answer 28

Where vesicles bud off and travel to the cell membrane or lysosomes

Question 29

What receives vesicles containing proteins from the ER

Answer 29

cis region of the golgi apparatus.

Question 30

Where do primary lysosomes originate from?

Answer 30

Golgi apparatus

Question 31

What do lysosomes contain?

Answer 31

Hydrolytic enzymes

Question 32

How do macromolecules enter the cell?

Answer 32

Through phagocytosis, which is where part of the cell membrane encloses material forming a phagosome.

Question 33

How are secondary lysosomes formed?

Answer 33

Phagosomes fuse with primary lysosomes.

Question 34

Enzymes in the second lysosome...

Answer 34

hydrolyze food molecules.

Question 35

Cells that require a lot of energy often have..?

Answer 35

More mitochondria.

Question 36

Plants and algae contain

Answer 36

plastids that differentiate into organelles.

Question 37

What do chloroplasts contain?

Answer 37

chlorophyll.

Question 38

What type of process is photosynthesis?

Answer 38

Anabolic.

Question 39

Function of peroxisomes

Answer 39

collect and break down toxic by-products of metabolism (H2O2)

Question 40

Function of Glyoxysomes

Answer 40

Found in only plants, they convert carbs for growth.

Question 41

Vacuole function

Answer 41

Mainly found in plants and fungi, store and release water and toxic compounds. Deter herbivores. Necessary for turgor pressure.

Question 42

What gets rid of excess water in protists? How?

Answer 42

Contractile vacuoles due to solute imbalance. Enlarge as water enters then quickly contracts to force water out through special pores.

Question 43

Function of cytoskeleton.

Answer 43

Supports/maintains cell shapes, holds organelles in position, moves organelles, involved in cytoplasmic streaming.

Question 44

ECM

Answer 44

tissue formation, connects cells together.

Question 45

Function of flagella and cilia.

Answer 45

Flagella (one or two present) push/pull cell through water. Cilia (shorter than flagella, many present) propel cell or move fluid over stationary cell.

Question 46

what is compartmentalization

Answer 46

for eukaryotic cells, cells have a plasma membrane, cellular components allow for several metabolic processes, increases efficiency while specifying enzymatic reactions. MEmbranes minimize interactions.

Question 47

Why do we want a high surface area?

Answer 47

To have more points of entry.

Question 48

Why do we want a small volume?

Answer 48

For molecules to have a shorter distance to travel.