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Eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

How do large cells increase surface area?

A

By folds in the membrane. Most folds and wrinkles are intended to increase surface area.

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2
Q

Why are cells tiny?

A

To maintain a good surface area:Volume ratio.

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3
Q

What does volume determine?

A

Metabolic activity per time

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4
Q

What does surface area determine?

A

Amt of substances that can enter or leave the cell.

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5
Q

Function and structure of the cell membrane.

A

Semi-permeable barrier that allows homeostasis, as well as aiding in communication, receiving signals, and uses proteins to bind adjacent cells.

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6
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotes are large, and have membrane enclosed compartments.

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cells include a

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton ribosomes, golgi complex, nucleus, lysosomes and peroxisomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts, mitochondria, SER and RER, and (in plants) a cell wall.

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8
Q

Ribosomes are…

A

NOT MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

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9
Q

what are the two types of ribosomes?

A

Free ribosomes and bound ribosomes

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10
Q

How are free ribosomes and bound ribosomes used

A

Free ribosomes are used by the cell, bound ribosomes are used for export of proteins in cell membrane or lysosomes

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11
Q

What is usually the largest organelle

A

The nucleus

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12
Q

Where is DNA and DNA replication located?

A

The nucleus

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13
Q

Where do assembly of ribosomes from RNA and proteins begin

A

The nucleolus

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14
Q

Where does DNA combine with proteins? What does it form

A

The nucleus, chromatin in threads called chromosomes.

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15
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by…

A

2 membranes that form the nuclear envelope

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16
Q

Nuclear pores in the envelope control what

A

movement of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm

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17
Q

What does the endomembrane system include?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.

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18
Q

What are vessicles

A

Membrane containers that shuttle substances to various components including the cell membrane

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19
Q

What does the RER have that the SER does not?

A

Ribosomes attacthed to the outer surface

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20
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of interconnected membranes in the cytoplasm. Folds increase surface area.

21
Q

All secreted and membrane proteins must pass though where?

A

RER

22
Q

Where do newly made proteins enter

A

RER lumen where they are chemically modified and tagged for delivery.

23
Q

What are polypeptides linked to after being folded in the lumen?

A

carbohydrate groups forming glycoproteins. Important for recognition and interactions between cells.

24
Q

Structure difference of SER from RER?

A

More tubular, no ribosomes.

25
Q

What does the SER do?

A

chemically modifies small molecules, degrades glycogen, synthesizes lipids, stores calcium.

26
Q

Golgi apparatus function?

A

receives proteins from RER, Concentrates, packages and sorts proteins, adds carbs to proteins, and synthesizes polysaccharides for cell walls.

27
Q

what are the three regions of the golgi apparatus

A

cis, tans, and medial regions

28
Q

trans region?

A

Where vesicles bud off and travel to the cell membrane or lysosomes

29
Q

What receives vesicles containing proteins from the ER

A

cis region of the golgi apparatus.

30
Q

Where do primary lysosomes originate from?

A

Golgi apparatus

31
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

32
Q

How do macromolecules enter the cell?

A

Through phagocytosis, which is where part of the cell membrane encloses material forming a phagosome.

33
Q

How are secondary lysosomes formed?

A

Phagosomes fuse with primary lysosomes.

34
Q

Enzymes in the second lysosome…

A

hydrolyze food molecules.

35
Q

Cells that require a lot of energy often have..?

A

More mitochondria.

36
Q

Plants and algae contain

A

plastids that differentiate into organelles.

37
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

chlorophyll.

38
Q

What type of process is photosynthesis?

A

Anabolic.

39
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A

collect and break down toxic by-products of metabolism (H2O2)

40
Q

Function of Glyoxysomes

A

Found in only plants, they convert carbs for growth.

41
Q

Vacuole function

A

Mainly found in plants and fungi, store and release water and toxic compounds. Deter herbivores. Necessary for turgor pressure.

42
Q

What gets rid of excess water in protists? How?

A

Contractile vacuoles due to solute imbalance. Enlarge as water enters then quickly contracts to force water out through special pores.

43
Q

Function of cytoskeleton.

A

Supports/maintains cell shapes, holds organelles in position, moves organelles, involved in cytoplasmic streaming.

44
Q

ECM

A

tissue formation, connects cells together.

45
Q

Function of flagella and cilia.

A

Flagella (one or two present) push/pull cell through water. Cilia (shorter than flagella, many present) propel cell or move fluid over stationary cell.

46
Q

what is compartmentalization

A

for eukaryotic cells, cells have a plasma membrane, cellular components allow for several metabolic processes, increases efficiency while specifying enzymatic reactions. MEmbranes minimize interactions.

47
Q

Why do we want a high surface area?

A

To have more points of entry.

48
Q

Why do we want a small volume?

A

For molecules to have a shorter distance to travel.

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