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Biology 2.1.1: Cell Structure > eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

a cell which contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
- makes up multicellular organisms

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2
Q

describe the structure of the nucleus

A
  • nuclear pores allow movement of molecules e.g. mRNA
  • double membrane called nuclear envelope
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3
Q

describe the function of the nucleus

A
  • contains genetic info (DNA) which directs protein synthesis
  • DNA associates with histone proteins to form chromatin which prevents the DNA getting tangled
  • controls metabolic processes
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4
Q

describe the nucleolus

A
  • within nucleus
  • produces ribosomes
  • made of proteins and RNA
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5
Q

describe the structure of mitochondria

A
  • double membrane
  • inner membrane folded to form cristae
  • fluid interior = matrix
  • contains mitochondrial DNA
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6
Q

describe the function of mitochondria

A
  • respiration occurs
  • energy is stored in bonds of organic molecules
  • cristae has an increased surface area for respiration
  • contains enzymes
  • produces ATP
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7
Q

describe the structure and function of vesicles

A
  • membranous sacs for storage and transport made of phospholipid bilayer
  • contains fluid
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8
Q

describe the structure and function of lysosomes

A
  • specialised vesicles
  • contains hydrolytic enzymes
  • breaks down waste and pathogens
  • important in immune system
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9
Q

state the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate fibres

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10
Q

describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton (microfilaments)

A
  • contractile fibres
  • formed from actin protein
  • movement and contraction during cytokinesis
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11
Q

describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton (microtubules)

A
  • globular tublin proteins
  • polymerise to form tubes
  • acts like scaffold structure
  • holds shape and allows movement
  • composes spindle fibres
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12
Q

describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton (intermediate fibres)

A
  • mechanical strength
  • maintains integrity
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13
Q

summarise the function of the cytoskeleton

A
  • mechanical strength
  • allows movement of organelles
  • holds shape
  • important in composition of spindle fibres and cytokinesis
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14
Q

describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • network of membranes
  • flattened sacs called cisternae
  • connected to nucleus
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15
Q

describe the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage

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16
Q

describe the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

protein synthesis and transport

17
Q

describe the structure and function of ribosomes

A
  • free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER
  • not membrane bound
  • exits nucleus via pores
  • constructed of rRNA and proteins
  • site of protein synthesis
18
Q

describe the structure and function of golgi apparatus

A
  • network of membranes
  • compact
  • formed from cisternae
  • modifies proteins
  • packages proteins into vesicles
19
Q

describe the structure and function of centrioles

A
  • part of cytoskeleton
  • composed of microtubules
  • 2 centrioles form centrosome in organising spindle fibres
20
Q

describe the structure and function of flagella

A
  • whip like structure
  • enables cell movement
  • detects chemical change in cell’s environment
21
Q

describe the structure and function of cilia

A
  • hair like structure
  • stationary = present on cell surface in sensory organs
  • mobile = creates a current to move fluid/objects adjacent to cell
  • each cilium contains 9 + 2 microtubules where parallel pairs slide over each other to create a beating motion
22
Q

describe the structure and function of the cell surface membrane

A
  • composed of lipids and proteins
  • regulates movement of substances in and out
  • receptor molecules allow it to respond to chemicals
23
Q

describe how a cell moves

A
  • depends on actin filament activity
  • filament lengths change when subunits are added
  • subunits change shape before being added to the minus end of the filament
  • subunit concentration in cytoplasm determine whether they are added to the filament
24
Q

describe the structure and function of a cellulose cell wall

A
  • surrounds cell surface membrane
  • keeps cell rigid
  • freely permeable
  • protects against pathogens
25
Q

describe the structure and function of the permanent vacuole

A
  • membrane lined sacs
  • selectively permeable membrane (tonoplast)
  • contains cell sap
26
Q

describe the structure of chloroplasts

A
  • double membrane
  • stroma fluid enclosed
  • thylakoids = internal membrane
  • granum = stacked thylakoids
  • granum contains chlorophyll pigment
  • granum joined by lamellae
  • starch produced in photosynthesis present as grains
27
Q

describe the function of chloroplasts

A
  • site of photosynthesis
  • contains DNA and ribosomes so can make proteins
28
Q

what is the function of nuclear pores?

A

allows transport of mRNA and nucleotides

29
Q

why do liver cells have many mitochondria?

A

to provide sufficient energy to support the metabolic functions so large amount of ATP required

30
Q

why might images of chloroplasts appear different?

A

if they are cut at different angles

Biology 2.1.1: Cell Structure (4 decks)

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