Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

The patient S1 > Eukaryotic cell > Flashcards

Eukaryotic cell Flashcards

1
Q

Define a cell

A

the basic unit of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

organelles

A

small structures inside a cell with specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

structure of cell membrane

A

2 layers of phosholipids, proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

function of cell membrane

A

what comes in and what goes out of cell

- thats why it is semi permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

structure of cytoplasm

A

made of a fluid (cytosol) and organelles except for nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

all of the cells contents lie between the cell membrane and the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

structure of nucleus

A

membrane bound that contains DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

function of nucleus

A

‘control centre’ that regulates DNA & RNA actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

structure and function of nucleus envelope

A

f- regulates what enters and exits the nucleus

s- double layer of lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

structure and function of nucleolus

A

f- produces RNA, which makes proteins

s- inside Nucleus, separate from DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of DNA

A

f- info on how to make proteins

a. chromatin (unorganised DA)
b. chromosomes (organised DNA (present before cell division)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

structure of DNA

A

made of nucleotides, locked in the nucles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

structure of Endoplasmic reticulum

A

tubes and channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

function of ER

A

transport for proteins
RER- has ribosomes
SER - no ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Structure of ribosomes

A

Small circular organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Structure of vacuoles & vesicles

A

Small membrane bound organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Function of vacuole and vesicles

A

Storage for water, nutrients and waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Structure and function of lysosomes

A

F - packet of enzymes that break materials down in a cell

S - small membrane bound organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

To produce energy for the cell, site of cellular respiration “the powerhouse”

21
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A

Double membrane bound, kidney shaped

22
Q

Function of golgi apparatus

A

Packages, labels and ships proteins out of cell

23
Q

Structure of Golgi apparatus

A

Pancake shaped, layered organelle

24
Q

Structure of cytoskeleton

A

Provide support and structure for the cell

25
Q

Structure of cytoskeleton

A

Tubules

26
Q

Structure of centrioles

A

Tubules

27
Q

Function of centrioles

A

Micro tubules that help divide the cell in cell division

28
Q

Rough ER

A
  • covered in ribosomes
  • sheet like in appearance
  • prominent in cells carrying out extensive protein synthesis
29
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • prominent in cells with lipid and drug metabolism

- is more tubular

30
Q

Main functions of ER

A
  1. Detoxification of drugs
  2. Translocation of proteins
  3. Glycosylaytion of proteins
  4. Assembly of lipid bilayers
31
Q

F of lysosomes

A
  • stomach of cell (digests macromolecules)

- clean up crew of cell (cleans up broken organelles)

32
Q

Lysosomal enzymes

A
  • work best at ph5 (so organelle creates custom pH)

- does this by pumping H+ ions from cytosol into lysosomes

33
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • auto-destruct process

- lysosomes break open and kill cell

34
Q

Golgi body also known as

A
  • golgi complex
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Dictyosome (plants )
35
Q

S of golgi body

A
  • stack of 4-6 flattened smooth membrane bounded compartments with associated vesicles
  • slightly concave, polarized structure
36
Q

F of Golgi body

A
  1. Protein modifications
    - addition of other molecules/groups to the protein to change its shape and function
  2. Protein processing
    - cleavage of peptides to produce activated proteins
    3 . Protein sorting and localisation
37
Q

Protein modifications

A
  • addition of sugars (glycosylation to give proteoglycans)
    • of fatty acids (productions of lipoproteins)
    • of phosphate groups (phosphorylation)
38
Q

Function of proteoglycans

A
  • they are are major component of the extracellular matrix, the ‘filler’ substance existing between cells in an organism
  • bind cations e.g sodium and water through the matrix
  • individual functions of proteoglycans are due to their protein core
39
Q

Protein processing

A
  • many polypeptides, hormones and neurotransmitters are synthesised as inactive precursor molecules
  • the active form is liberated by proteolysis
40
Q

Protein sorting

A
  • mammal approx 10,000 diff kinds of proteins
  • for a cell to work properly each one of these proteins must be localised to the correct membrane or compartment
  • DNA - modifying enzymes such as RNA and DNA polymerases are made on CYTOSOLIC ribosomes and then transported to the NUCLEUS
  • ion-channel, transporter and receptor proteins need to be localised in the plasma membrane
  • the process of directing each polypeptide to a particular destination - depends on the presence of sorting SIGNALS and multiple SORTING EVENTS
41
Q

Protein sorting (golgi apparatus)

A

A. Lysosomal pathway
B. Constitutive pathway
C regulated secretion

42
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • in all eukaryotic cells
  • fairly large 1um diameter
  • have double membrane structure (envelope)
  • major function ATP generation
  • the mitochondria converts food energy e.g carbohydrates to fatty acids
43
Q 
Mitochondrial function 
(Oxidative metabolism)
A
  1. Large molecules broken down into smaller subunits
  2. Numerous small molecules are converted into a few key molecules which plays a central role in metabolism
  3. Oxidation to produce ATP
44
Q

ATP

A
  • molecular unit of intracellular energy currency
  • total quantity of ATP in adult is approx 0.10mol/L
  • but approx 100-149 mol/L of ATP is required daily, so we only have enough for 2 minutes
  • so each ATP molecule is recycled 1000 to 1500 times a day
45
Q

Mitochondrial ATP synthesis

A
  • The energy from the high energy electrons is used to pump protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix and into the inter-membrane space
  • the protons then flow back down the gradient and this energy drives coupled ATP synthesis
46
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Provides supporting framework for the cell and gives the cell its particular shape
  • Actin filaments anchored just underneath the plasma membrane are responsible for changing the shape of the cell
47
Q

Cytoskeleton and its associated motor proteins organises and moves the cytoplasmic contents

A
  • movement of organelles (microtubules)
  • movement of vesicles (micro tubules)
  • the whole cell movement is polarised and directional
  • movement of cells is important in development processes
48
Q

Components of cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microtubules
    - made of tubulin
    - 25nm diameter
    - e.g mitosis, ciliia, flagella, centrioles
  2. Actin filaments (microfilaments)
    - made of actin
    - 6nm diameter
    - e.g cytoplasmic streaming
  3. Intermediate filaments
    - several proteins such as keratin
    - intermediate size, i.e 10-15nm diameter
    - e.g keratins in skin, hair,nails (animal horn) etc

The patient S1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions