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Biology > Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells organised into?

A

Tissues
Organs
Organ systems

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2
Q

Define magnifictaion

A

The degree to which teh size of an image is larger than the image itself

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3
Q

Defien reolution

A

The degree to wwhich it is possibel to distinguish between two obketcs that are very close together.

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4
Q

What is teh function of teh cell membrane?

A

Forms a boundary and controls what passes in and out of teh cell
Needs to be flexible to change shape slightly as its water content changes and also to change shape drmataically.
Needs ot be able to break apart and fuse togetehr easily so vesicles can pass in ando ut of teh cell

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5
Q

Define prokaryotics

A

Have a membrane bound nucleus

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6
Q

Define eukaryotics

A

Does not have a memrbane bound nucleus

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7
Q

What si a protoplasm

A

Can eb observed by a light microscope

Combination fo nucis and cytoplasm

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8
Q

Defien ultrastructure

A

Detailed organisation of the cells. An electron microscope can be uised to teh details of teh ultrastructure

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9
Q

Characteritics of teh nucleus

A 
Large organelle
Spherical
Chromatin
Surrounded by nuclear envelope
Nulcear pore
Composed of two fluid fillede memrbnaes
Nucelolus
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10
Q

Function fo nucleus

A

Contains genetic material
Chromatin consists of DNA and Proteins when teh cell is not dividing
Contains instrcutuions of r making portein
When cell divide, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
Nucleolus makes RNA and ribosomes.

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11
Q

Characteritics of mitochondria

A

Can be seen with alight microsocpe
Produces ATP for energy, via aerobic repiration
The more mitochondria in a cell, teh more energy is used by that cell
Muscle cells and cells carryign out a lot of active trasnport have a large number of mitochondria
VContains their own DNA, which replicates under the control of teh nucleus
Inner and outer membrane
Inner memrbane folds to form cristae
Believed to have come from symbiotic eubacteria, due to own dna
Capsule shaped made from a oduble membrane filled with a fluid called matrix

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12
Q

Cristae

A

Large surface area which si surroudned by a fludi filled matrix

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13
Q

Strcutrue fo centrioles

A

Small protein tubes of microtubules

Each centriole made up of 9 tubules

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14
Q

Functionf o centrioles

A

Form spindle fibres which spereate chromosomes

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15
Q

Structue of cytoskeleton

A

Made upof micofilaments and microtubules

Microtubules are mainy globular protein tubulin

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16
Q

FFunction of cytoskeleton

A

Fills teh cytoplasm
Give cytoplasm strcutrue
Keep organelle in place

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17
Q

Vacuole strcutrue

A

Membran bound enclosures

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18
Q

Function o fvcuole

A

Foodvacuole: Surround prey that are engulfed

Contractile vacuole: Helps freshwater organisms. Helps to control the concentration of the cytoplasm

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19
Q

Strcuture of ribosomes

A

Very small organelles n the cytoplasm and bound to rough ER. Consists of two subunits

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20
Q

What are the two subunits of ribosomes

A

80S : 40S and 60S

70S: 30S and 50S subunit

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21
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis which acts as an assembly line to use mRNA to assemble protein

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22
Q

Structure of endoplasmic reticulum

A

A series of sinl eflattened sacs enclosed by a membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: 80S ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: no ribosomes

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23
Q

Function f endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth ER: Synthesises and trasnports steroid and lipids

RER: Synthesis, stores and transports protiens

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24
Q

Structure of golgi apparatus

A

A series of single, curved sacs enclosed by a memrbane
Each sac is smaller than the previous ne
Many vesicels cluster around it

25
Q

Function of golgi appratus

A

Recives proteins form the RER
Mmodifies proteins
Packages proteins itno vesicles to be transported inside cell or ot the outside by excocytosis

26
Q

Strcuture of lysosomes

A

Spherical sacs surrounded by single membrane

Drk and spherical in the cytoplasm

27
Q

Function fo lyososome

A

Contain digestive enzymes whic break down materials
Fuse with each other and other membrane bound vacuoles containing food
Lysosome enzymes breakdown the content inside them to be reused
Can fuse with outer cell membrane to relese its enzymes
Lysosomes self destruct

28
Q

Properties of plant cell wall

A

Insoluble cellulose: Held together by hydrogen bonds
Usually permeable to anything dissolved in water
However the cell wlls contain suberin and lignin

29
Q

Structure of plant cell wall

A

Middle lamella:
First layer to form when the cell divides into two
Made up fo pectin which is a glue that holds cell walls to other cells
Contain may negatively charged carboxyl groups whcih binds ot positive calcium ions
Primary cell walls:
First flexible cell wall to form
All teh cellulose micro fibrils are orientated in simlar directions
Secondary cell wall:
Cellulose microfibrils built up in different angle, makes them more rigid.
Hemicellulose hardens it further
LIgnin present in woody platns making them more rigid.

30
Q

Define plasmodesmata

A

Cytoplasmic bridges between plant cells that allow communication between the cells

31
Q

Strcuture of chloroplasts

A

2 memrbnes seperated by fluid filled space
Inner memrbane is continuous with a netwrok of thyllakoids
A stakc of thyllakoid is called a granum
Chlorophyll molecuels are present on these mebranes
Contians own DNA
LArge
Bioconcave shape
Surrounded by pouter memrbane
Inner membrane folds to form cristae
Thought to have been devloped from endosymibiotic eubacteria
Contains chlorophyll
Fomromed from leucoplasts

32
Q

Function of chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

LIght energy is used to derie carbohydrtae moleucles from carbon doxide.

33
Q

Structure of permanent vacuole

A

Fluid filled
Surrounded by tonoplast
Conatins cell sap

34
Q

Function o ftonoplast

A

Contisn different protein channels and carriers
Controls substances in and out f teh cell
Conrol water potential of the cell

35
Q

Cell sap functions

A

Controls water potential by osmosis, so the cytoplasm is pushed up against the cell wall- keeping teh cell turgid

36
Q

Vacuole function

A

Pigment, proein and waste product stoarge

37
Q

Structure of chloroplast

A

Large
Biconcave shape
Cotnins own DNA
Surrounded by fluid filled space
Inner membrane continuous with a network of thyllakoids - folded, giving a large surface area for enzyme controlled reactions
A stack fo thyllakoids is known as a granum

38
Q

Compare mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis
Contians chlorophyll
Formed from leucoplasts

39
Q

Properties of amyloplasts

A

Developed from leucoplasts

colorless and stores starch

40
Q

Define tissue

A

Group of similar cells, which work together, to perform a similar function

41
Q

Name four main types of tissues

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle adn Nervouse

42
Q

Fuction of squamous epithelium

A

Lines surfaces of blood vessels
Forms walls of cappilaries]
Lines the alveoli

43
Q

Function of cubodial and columnar cells

A

Lioines other tubes

44
Q

Function of epithelial cells

A

Some contain goblet cells, which produce mucus
Foudn in the tracheas, bronchioles adn oviduct
The movement of cilia moves materials along teh tubes

45
Q

Defien organs

A

Groups of different tissues working togetehr, to carry out a partaicular function

46
Q

Define system

A

A group of different organs working togetehr to carry out a particular function

47
Q

Defien channel proteins

A

Allows facillitated diffusion to take place

48
Q

Define gated proteins

A

Allows active trasnport to take pllace

49
Q

What are carbohydrates imrpotant for

A

Recognitionm

50
Q

Define glycoproteins

A

Proteins with a carbohydrate attahces

51
Q

Define glycolipids

A

Lipids with carbohydrate attached

52
Q

Name 4 different types of carrier proteins in the membrane

A

Carrier protein
Gated channel protein
Channel protein
Carrier protein (Active)

53
Q

Function of membrane protiens

A

To help substances move acfross the memrbane
Proteins can form pores or chennel- some permemnant some temporary- that allows specific moelcuels to move through. Some of these channels can be open or shut. These are known as gateed channels

54
Q

Name function of protein channels

A

Some are active carrier systems using energy to move moleucels and some are gaps in the lipid bilayer that allows inonic substances toi move through teh membrnae

55
Q

How does the optical microscope work?

A

A beam of light passes through teh object, opbjective lens and eyepiece lens magnifies the sample. Magniffication= 1500
Resolution = 0.1nm

56
Q

How does the scnanning electron work

A

A beam of electrons scan beack and forth over the surface of teh sampele, producing a 3d image.
Magnification= 50 000X
Resolution = 0.1nm

57
Q

How does the trasnmission electron work??

A

A beam of electrons is trasnmitted through teh obejct, producing a 2d image. A very thin smaple must be used.
magnificatioon= 100 000 - 500 000x
Resolution= 0.1nm

58
Q

What is staining used for?

A

To make it easier to idneitfy particualr types of cells under the microscope.
To provide contrast between teh organelles adn teh cytoplasm, allowing strcutrues to be observed.

Biology (2 decks)

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