Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? (5)

A
  • DNA
  • Cell division
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell walls
  • Presence of membrane bound organelles
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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

manufactures ribosomes from proteins and rRNA

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3
Q

What process is the RER involved in?

A

the synthesis of proteins

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4
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates

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5
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

modify, store and package lipids and proteins. Involving the production of glycolipids and glycoproteins

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the mitochondria

A

oval shaped, with a double membrane. The inner membrane is folded to form cristae (which increase SA). the rest is a fluid filled matrix containing enzymes needed in respiration

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7
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

produce the spindle fibres that are needed in mitosis

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8
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

organelles containing lysozymes which are needed to hydrolyse waste material

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9
Q

What are the cell walls of bacteria made from?

A

murein

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10
Q

what is the function on the flagellum?

A

to help the prokaryote move

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11
Q

What is a virus?

A

a non living cellular particle containing nucleic acids

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12
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

a circular loop of DNA

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13
Q

Describe the role of lysosomes in digesting bacteria?

A
  • fuse with vesicle (phagosome)
  • release lysozymes/hydrolytic enzymes which hydrolyse the bacteria
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14
Q

Suggest one explanation for the faster rate of plasmid replication in cells growing in a culture with a high amino acid concentration

A
  • more amino acids, so more protein synthesis
  • forms enzymes needed in plasmid formation
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15
Q

Give one feature of the chloroplast that allows protein to be synthesised inside the chloroplast
Describe one difference between this feature in the chloroplast and similar features in the rest of the cell

A
  • contains ribosomes
  • the ribosomes inside chloroplasts are 70S and are smaller then the 80S ribosomes in the rest of the cell
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16
Q

Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells.
(give 4 out of 6 points)

A

1) DNA in nucleus is code (for protein)
2) Ribosomes and rER synthesise proteins
3) Mitochondria produce the ATP needed for protein synthesis
4) golgi apparatus packages/ modifies the proteins
5) vesicles transport
6) exocytosis (vesicles fuse with cell surface membrane and release proteins)

17
Q

Give one advantage of viewing a biological specimen using a transmission electron microscope compared with using a scanning electron microscope

A

higher resolution/ view internal structures

18
Q

Give three examples of things that can be found inside a chloroplast

A
  • grana/ stacks of thylakoids
  • starch grains
  • DNA (circular and ‘naked’)
  • 70S ribosomes
19
Q

What are fungal cell walls made from?

A

chitin

20
Q

Name the process by which prokaryotic cells divide

A

binary fission

21
Q

Suggest why no organelles could be observed in the cytoplasm of a red blood cell

A

Cytoplasm of red blood cell is filled with haemoglobin