Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell Structure

Question 1

What are the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? (5)

Answer 1

• DNA
• Cell division
• Ribosomes
• Cell walls
• Presence of membrane bound organelles

Question 2

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 2

manufactures ribosomes from proteins and rRNA

Question 3

What process is the RER involved in?

Answer 3

the synthesis of proteins

Question 4

What is the function of the SER?

Answer 4

synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates

Question 5

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

Answer 5

modify, store and package lipids and proteins. Involving the production of glycolipids and glycoproteins

Question 6

Describe the structure of the mitochondria

Answer 6

oval shaped, with a double membrane. The inner membrane is folded to form cristae (which increase SA). the rest is a fluid filled matrix containing enzymes needed in respiration

Question 7

What is the function of centrioles?

Answer 7

produce the spindle fibres that are needed in mitosis

Question 8

What are lysosomes?

Answer 8

organelles containing lysozymes which are needed to hydrolyse waste material

Question 9

What are the cell walls of bacteria made from?

Answer 9

murein

Question 10

what is the function on the flagellum?

Answer 10

to help the prokaryote move

Question 11

What is a virus?

Answer 11

a non living cellular particle containing nucleic acids

Question 12

What is a plasmid?

Answer 12

a circular loop of DNA

Question 13

Describe the role of lysosomes in digesting bacteria?

Answer 13

• fuse with vesicle (phagosome)
• release lysozymes/hydrolytic enzymes which hydrolyse the bacteria

Question 14

Suggest one explanation for the faster rate of plasmid replication in cells growing in a culture with a high amino acid concentration

Answer 14

• more amino acids, so more protein synthesis
• forms enzymes needed in plasmid formation

Question 15

Give one feature of the chloroplast that allows protein to be synthesised inside the chloroplast
Describe one difference between this feature in the chloroplast and similar features in the rest of the cell

Answer 15

• contains ribosomes
• the ribosomes inside chloroplasts are 70S and are smaller then the 80S ribosomes in the rest of the cell

Question 16

Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells.
(give 4 out of 6 points)

Answer 16

1) DNA in nucleus is code (for protein)
2) Ribosomes and rER synthesise proteins
3) Mitochondria produce the ATP needed for protein synthesis
4) golgi apparatus packages/ modifies the proteins
5) vesicles transport
6) exocytosis (vesicles fuse with cell surface membrane and release proteins)

Question 17

Give one advantage of viewing a biological specimen using a transmission electron microscope compared with using a scanning electron microscope

Answer 17

higher resolution/ view internal structures

Question 18

Give three examples of things that can be found inside a chloroplast

Answer 18

• grana/ stacks of thylakoids
• starch grains
• DNA (circular and ‘naked’)
• 70S ribosomes

Question 19

What are fungal cell walls made from?

Answer 19

chitin

Question 20

Name the process by which prokaryotic cells divide

Answer 20

binary fission

Question 21

Suggest why no organelles could be observed in the cytoplasm of a red blood cell

Answer 21

Cytoplasm of red blood cell is filled with haemoglobin