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eukaryotes and prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A

Double membrane that controls entry/exit of materials to and from the nucleus.

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2
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Holes in the nuclear membrane that allow mRNA and ribosomes to exit.

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3
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A

Jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of a nucleus.

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4
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Small spherical region in a nucleus that contains ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and manufactures ribosomes.

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5
Q

What is chromatin?

A

An uncondensed complex of DNA and protein.

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6
Q

What does chromatin condense into prior to cell division?

A

Chromosomes

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7
Q

What is the function of a mitochondrion?

A

The site of cellular respiration.

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8
Q

In which eukaryotic cell would you not find a nucleus and why?

A

Red blood cells
To give more room to carry oxygen

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9
Q

Which cells contain many mitochondria?

A

Metabolically active cells such as:
Muscle cells
Intestinal epithelial cells
Sperm cells

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10
Q

How are mitochondria adapted to carry out their function?

A
  1. Cristae - extensions of inner membrane provide large surface area for respiration reactions to take place.
  2. Matrix - inner space contains ribosomes, and DNA so that respiratory enzymes can be quickly produced when needed.
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11
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A

To carry out photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + Water –> Glucose + Oxygen.

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12
Q

Which plant cells do not contain chloroplasts and why?

A

Root hair cells - no sunlight underground.

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13
Q

What is the chloroplast envelope?

A

A partially permeable double membrane that surrounds a chloroplast.

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14
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Flattened sacs found within a chloroplast that contain chlorophyll.

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15
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

The green pigment found inside the thylakoids of chloroplasts that captures light energy.

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16
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacks of thylakoids.
The place where the 1st stage of photosynthesis takes place (light absorption).

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17
Q

What is the stroma of a chloroplast?

A

The fluid filled space within a chloroplast.
Where the 2nd stage of photosynthesis takes place (sugar synthesis).

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18
Q

How are chloroplasts adapted to carry out their function?

A
  1. Granal membranes provide a large surface area for photosynthesis reactions to take place.
  2. Stroma contains enzymes for 2nd step of photosynthesis to take place (sugar synthesis).
  3. Contain DNA and ribosomes so can quickly produce enzymes required for photosynthesis when needed.
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19
Q

What is meant by lamellae?

A

Folded membranes

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20
Q

The flattened sacs and hollow tubes of endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus are called…

A

cisternae

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21
Q

The rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles are all part of the…

A

endomembrane system (i.e. protein transport out of cell)

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22
Q

Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum described as rough?

A

It is ‘studded’ with ribosomes.

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23
Q

How does the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum relate to its function?

A
  1. Folds provide a large surface area for protein synthesis.
  2. Cisternae provide a pathway for transport of proteins.
  3. Can form vesicles to allow proteins to exit.
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24
Q

What happens at the ‘cis face’ of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Incoming vesicles containing proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are received.

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25
Q

What happens at the ‘trans face’ of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modified/labelled proteins, lipids or carbohydrates are TRANSferred out of the Golgi apparatus in secretory vesicles.

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26
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  1. Adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins.
  2. Forms lysosomes.
  3. Transports and modifies stored lipids.
  4. Produces secretory enzymes e.g. in pancreatic or epithelial cells.
  5. Secretes carbohydrates for cell walls.
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27
Q

Describe the process of lysosome action on an engulfed bacterium.

A
  1. Hydrolytic enzyme enters cis face of Golgi apparatus.
  2. Lysosome containing hydrolytic enzyme (lysozyme) exits trans face of Golgi apparatus.
  3. Lysosome merges with vesicle containing engulfed bacterium and digests bacterium.
  4. Soluble debris absorbed into cell. Insoluble debris is egested from cell.
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28
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  1. Synthesise, store and transportation of lipids.
  2. Synthesise, store and transportation of carbohydrates.
  3. Detoxification of harmful substances.
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29
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A
  1. Prevents a plant cell bursting due to osmosis.
  2. Give plant cells mechanical strength.
  3. Structure allows water to pass through it via osmosis.
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30
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A
  1. Makes plant cells turgid (firm)
  2. Contains sugars/amino acids which act as a temporary food store.
  3. Contains coloured pigments which attract pollinating insects e.g. petals.
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31
Q

Where are 80S ribosomes found?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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32
Q

Where are 70S ribosomes found?

A

Prokaryotic cells
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

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33
Q

Which are bigger: 70S or 80S ribosomes?

A

80S (25nm as opposed to 20nm 70S)

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34
Q

Ribosomes are made from 2 parts. What are these parts called?

A

Large subunit
Small subunit

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35
Q

name 2 molecules found in a ribosome

A

RNA and protein

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36
Q

What process do you use isolate an organelles from a cell?

A

cell fractionation

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37
Q

What does cell fractionation involve?

A
  1. break open cells and remove debris
  2. add cold isotonic buffer
  3. spin in centrifuge - heaviest organelle pellets 1st
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38
Q

In cell fractionation which pellet would you find the chloroplasts?

A

second

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39
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration and production of ATP

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40
Q

Is this a Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic cell? Why?

A

Eukaryotic Cell

Its DNA held with a nucleus.

It has double membrane bound organelles.

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41
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Cell Membrane

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42
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Cytoplasm

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43
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Golgi Vesicle

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44
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Golgi Apparatus of Golgi Body

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45
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Lysosome

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46
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Mitochondrion

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47
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Nucleus

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48
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Ribosome

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49
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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50
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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51
Q

Identify the type of Eukaryotic cell.

A

Plant Cell

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52
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Cell Wall

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53
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Cell Membrane

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54
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Nucleus

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55
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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56
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Ribosome

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57
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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58
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Mitochondrion

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59
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Vacuole

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60
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Golgi Vesicle

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61
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body

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62
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Cytoplasm

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63
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Chloroplast

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64
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Nuclear Pore

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65
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Nucleoplasm

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66
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Chromosomes

(Chromatin)

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67
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Nucleolus

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68
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

69
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Nuclear Envelope

70
Q

Identify the organelle

A

Mitochondrion

71
Q

Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?

A

Cristae

72
Q

Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?

A

Ribosome

73
Q

Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?

A

Inner Membrane

74
Q

Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?

A

Outer Membrane

75
Q

Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?

A

Matrix

76
Q

Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?

A

Double Membrane

77
Q

Identify the organelle

A

Chloroplast

78
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Granum

(plural: grana)

79
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Inner membrane

80
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Intergranal lamella

81
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Outer membrane

82
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Ribosome

83
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Stroma

84
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Thylakoids

85
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Cisternae

86
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Lamella

(folds made from a double membrane)

87
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Nuclear envelope

88
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Nucleus

89
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Ribosomes of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

90
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

91
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

92
Q

Idenitfy the organelle

A

Golgi apparatus

93
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Cis face of golgi apparatus

94
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Cisternae of golgi apparatus

95
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Incoming vesicle of golgi apparatus

96
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Lumen of golgi apparatus

97
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Secretory vesicle of golgi apparatus

98
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Trans face of golgi apparatus

99
Q

Identify the organelle

A

80S Ribosome

101
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Large sub-unit of 80S ribosome

102
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Small sub-unit of 80S ribosome

103
Q

Approximately what size is an 80S ribosome?

A

25 nm

104
Q

Idenitfy the organelle

A

70S ribsome

105
Q

Where would the 70S ribosome be found?

A

Prokaryotic cells

Chloroplasts

Mitochondria

106
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Large sub-unit of 70S ribosome

107
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Small sub-unit of 70S ribosome

108
Q

Approximately what size is the 70S ribosome?

A

20 nm

109
Q

Identify the organelle

A

Plant cell wall

110
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Cell membrane of plant cell

111
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Cellulose microfibril of plant cell

112
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Cross-links between cellulose microfibrils of plant cell

113
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Middle lamella - boundary between adjacent plant cells (cements them together)

114
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Pectin - component of plant cell wall

115
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Primary cell wall of plant cell

116
Q

Identify the organelle

A

Cell wall of fungi

117
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Cell membrane of fungi

118
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Chitin (polysaccharide) - component of fungal cell wall

119
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Glycan (polysaccharide) - component of fungal cell wall

120
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Glycoprotein - component of fungal cell wall

121
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Vacuole of plant cell

122
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Tonoplast - single membrane of vacuole

123
Q

What does the vacuole of a plant cell contain?

A
  • Mineral salts
  • Sugars
  • Amino acids
  • Wastes
  • Pigments (e.g. anthocyanins)
183
Q

In which type of cell would the 80S ribsome be found?

A

Eukaryotic Cells

207
Q

How can you monitor the temperature of an experiment to ensure it doesnt change?

A

use a thermometer and monitor/take readings at regular intervals

208
Q

How does temperature affect the plasma membrane?

A

Denatures proteins

damages the membrane

makes the membrane more fluid

209
Q

Describe where in the cell lactose would be attached to a polypeptide to form a glycoprotein

A

add the polypeptide on in the golgi

210
Q

What are the 7 life processes?

A

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition

211
Q

What do we call the cell formed at fertilisation?

A

A zygote

212
Q

A zygote is what type of cell?

A

A stem cell (totipotent)

213
Q

A zygote develops into an…

A

embryo

214
Q

An embryo is made up of which type of cells?

A

(embryonic) stem cells

215
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A non-specialised cell

216
Q

Are the cells of an embryo genetically identical?

A

yes

217
Q

A zygote and the cells of an embryo divide by the process of…

A

mitosis

218
Q

Are the specialised cells of a multicellular organism genetically identical?

A

yes

219
Q

How is it that different types of specialised cells can be genetically identical?

A

Different genes are active within the nucleus of those cells.

220
Q

Which organelle will be well developed within a sperm cell?

A

Mitochondria (to provide energy for movement)

221
Q

Which organelle will be well developed in muscle cells?

A

Mitochondria (to provide energy for movement)

222
Q

What is another name for a liver cell?

A

Hepatocyte

223
Q

Which organelle will be well developed in a hepatocyte (liver cell)

A

Golgi apparatus (to detoxify)

224
Q

Some embryonic stem cells develop further into __________ stem cells, which lie dormant for future use.

A

adult

225
Q

What are haematopoietic cells and where are they found?

A
  • Adult stem cells that develop into red blood cells.
  • bone marrow
226
Q

Cells that are adapted to perform a specific function are called…

A

specialised cells

227
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of identical or similar cells that are specialised to carry out a specific function.

228
Q

Approximately how many different types of human cell are there?

A

200

229
Q

Muscle cells group together to form…

A

Muscle tissue

230
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Contraction to allow movement.

231
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Line the surface of organs
  • Protect
  • Have sensory functions
  • Absorption
  • Transporting substances (if they are ciliated)
232
Q

What are cilia?

A

Small hair-like structures present on some epithelial cells that can transport substances e.g. mucus in the lungs.

233
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A
  • Support - holds other tissues together.
  • Provides strength and elasticity to tissues.
234
Q

Connective tissues produce…

A

collagen fibres

235
Q

What is an organ?

A

A combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions although they have 1 predominant function.

236
Q

The stomach consists of which tissues?

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
237
Q

Why is it that arteries and veins are organs but capillaries are not?

A
  • Arteries and veins consist of a combination of muscle and endothelial tissues.
  • Capillaries only contain endothelial tissues.
238
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs that aggregate to perform a specific task.

239
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?`

A

To digest, process and absorb food.

240
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Breathing and gas exchange.

241
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

To pump and circulate blood.

242
Q

Name 3 organ systems

A
  1. Digestive system
  2. Circulatory system
  3. Respiratory system
243
Q

Name 3 human tissues

A
  1. Muscle tissue
  2. Epithelial tissue
  3. Connective tissue
244
Q

Name 5 plant tissues

A
  1. Epidermal tissue
  2. Palisade mesophyll tissue
  3. Spongy mesophyll tissue
  4. Xylem tissue
  5. Phloem tissue
245
Q

What is the function of xylem tissue?

A
  • Transport water from roots to leaves
  • Transport mineral salts
  • Provide mechanical support to plant.
246
Q

What is the function of palisade mesophyll tissue?

A
  • To carry out photosynthesis.
247
Q

How are xylem tissues adapted to transport water?

A

They are formed from hollow cells that allow water to travel through.

248
Q

How are palisade mesophyll tissues adapted to carry out photosynthesis?

A

They contain many chloroplasts.

249
Q

What is the function of spongy mesophyll cells?

A

Provide a large surface area for gas exchange via diffusion.

250
Q

What else can we call the epidermal cells that line top and bottom surfaces of a leaf?

A

Upper epidermis
Lower epidermis

251
Q

Which epidermis of a leaf are stomata found?

A

Lower epidermis (lower surface)

252
Q

What are guard cells and where are they found?

A
  • 2 kidney shaped cells that form the stomata.
  • They are part of the lower epidermal tissue.
    They look like this —> (())

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