eukaryotes and prokaryotes Flashcards
1
Q
What is the nuclear membrane?
A
Double membrane that controls entry/exit of materials to and from the nucleus.
2
Q
What are nuclear pores?
A
Holes in the nuclear membrane that allow mRNA and ribosomes to exit.
3
Q
What is the nucleoplasm?
A
Jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of a nucleus.
4
Q
What is the nucleolus?
A
Small spherical region in a nucleus that contains ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and manufactures ribosomes.
5
Q
What is chromatin?
A
An uncondensed complex of DNA and protein.
6
Q
What does chromatin condense into prior to cell division?
A
Chromosomes
7
Q
What is the function of a mitochondrion?
A
The site of cellular respiration.
8
Q
In which eukaryotic cell would you not find a nucleus and why?
A
Red blood cells
To give more room to carry oxygen
9
Q
Which cells contain many mitochondria?
A
Metabolically active cells such as:
Muscle cells
Intestinal epithelial cells
Sperm cells
10
Q
How are mitochondria adapted to carry out their function?
A
- Cristae - extensions of inner membrane provide large surface area for respiration reactions to take place.
- Matrix - inner space contains ribosomes, and DNA so that respiratory enzymes can be quickly produced when needed.
11
Q
What is the function of a chloroplast?
A
To carry out photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + Water –> Glucose + Oxygen.
12
Q
Which plant cells do not contain chloroplasts and why?
A
Root hair cells - no sunlight underground.
13
Q
What is the chloroplast envelope?
A
A partially permeable double membrane that surrounds a chloroplast.
14
Q
What are thylakoids?
A
Flattened sacs found within a chloroplast that contain chlorophyll.
15
Q
What is chlorophyll?
A
The green pigment found inside the thylakoids of chloroplasts that captures light energy.
16
Q
What are grana?
A
Stacks of thylakoids.
The place where the 1st stage of photosynthesis takes place (light absorption).
17
Q
What is the stroma of a chloroplast?
A
The fluid filled space within a chloroplast.
Where the 2nd stage of photosynthesis takes place (sugar synthesis).
18
Q
How are chloroplasts adapted to carry out their function?
A
- Granal membranes provide a large surface area for photosynthesis reactions to take place.
- Stroma contains enzymes for 2nd step of photosynthesis to take place (sugar synthesis).
- Contain DNA and ribosomes so can quickly produce enzymes required for photosynthesis when needed.
19
Q
What is meant by lamellae?
A
Folded membranes
20
Q
The flattened sacs and hollow tubes of endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus are called…
A
cisternae
21
Q
The rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles are all part of the…
A
endomembrane system (i.e. protein transport out of cell)
22
Q
Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum described as rough?
A
It is ‘studded’ with ribosomes.
23
Q
How does the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum relate to its function?
A
- Folds provide a large surface area for protein synthesis.
- Cisternae provide a pathway for transport of proteins.
- Can form vesicles to allow proteins to exit.
24
Q
What happens at the ‘cis face’ of the Golgi apparatus?
A
Incoming vesicles containing proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are received.
25
What happens at the 'trans face' of the Golgi apparatus?
Modified/labelled proteins, lipids or carbohydrates are TRANSferred out of the Golgi apparatus in secretory vesicles.
26
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
1. Adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins.
2. Forms lysosomes.
3. Transports and modifies stored lipids.
4. Produces secretory enzymes e.g. in pancreatic or epithelial cells.
5. Secretes carbohydrates for cell walls.
27
Describe the process of lysosome action on an engulfed bacterium.
1. Hydrolytic enzyme enters cis face of Golgi apparatus.
2. Lysosome containing hydrolytic enzyme (lysozyme) exits trans face of Golgi apparatus.
3. Lysosome merges with vesicle containing engulfed bacterium and digests bacterium.
4. Soluble debris absorbed into cell. Insoluble debris is egested from cell.
28
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
1. Synthesise, store and transportation of lipids.
2. Synthesise, store and transportation of carbohydrates.
3. Detoxification of harmful substances.
29
What is the function of a cell wall?
1. Prevents a plant cell bursting due to osmosis.
2. Give plant cells mechanical strength.
3. Structure allows water to pass through it via osmosis.
30
What is the function of a vacuole?
1. Makes plant cells turgid (firm)
2. Contains sugars/amino acids which act as a temporary food store.
3. Contains coloured pigments which attract pollinating insects e.g. petals.
31
Where are 80S ribosomes found?
Eukaryotic cells
32
Where are 70S ribosomes found?
Prokaryotic cells
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
33
Which are bigger: 70S or 80S ribosomes?
80S (25nm as opposed to 20nm 70S)
34
Ribosomes are made from 2 parts. What are these parts called?
Large subunit
Small subunit
35
name 2 molecules found in a ribosome
RNA and protein
36
What process do you use isolate an organelles from a cell?
cell fractionation
37
What does cell fractionation involve?
1. break open cells and remove debris
2. add cold isotonic buffer
3. spin in centrifuge - heaviest organelle pellets 1st
38
In cell fractionation which pellet would you find the chloroplasts?
second
39
Function of mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration and production of ATP
40
Is this a Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic cell? Why?
Eukaryotic Cell
Its DNA held with a nucleus.
It has double membrane bound organelles.
41
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Cell Membrane
42
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Cytoplasm
43
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Golgi Vesicle
44
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Golgi Apparatus of Golgi Body
45
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Lysosome
46
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Mitochondrion
47
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Nucleus
48
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Ribosome
49
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
50
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
51
Identify the type of Eukaryotic cell.
Plant Cell
52
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Cell Wall
53
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Cell Membrane
54
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Nucleus
55
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
56
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Ribosome
57
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
58
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Mitochondrion
59
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Vacuole
60
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Golgi Vesicle
61
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body
62
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Cytoplasm
63
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Chloroplast
64
What is the arrow pointing to?
Nuclear Pore
65
What is the arrow pointing to?
Nucleoplasm
66
What is the arrow pointing to?
Chromosomes
| (Chromatin)
67
What is the arrow pointing to?
Nucleolus
68
What is the arrow pointing to?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
69
What is the arrow pointing to?
Nuclear Envelope
70
Identify the organelle
Mitochondrion
71
Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?
Cristae
72
Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?
Ribosome
73
Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?
Inner Membrane
74
Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?
Outer Membrane
75
Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?
Matrix
76
Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?
Double Membrane
77
Identify the organelle
Chloroplast
78
Identify the missing label
Granum
| (plural: grana)
79
Identify the missing label
Inner membrane
80
Identify the missing label
Intergranal lamella
81
Identify the missing label
Outer membrane
82
Identify the missing label
Ribosome
83
Identify the missing label
Stroma
84
Identify the missing label
Thylakoids
85
Identify the missing label
Cisternae
86
Identify the missing label
Lamella
| (folds made from a double membrane)
87
Identify the missing label
Nuclear envelope
88
Identify the missing label
Nucleus
89
Identify the missing label
Ribosomes of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
90
Identify the missing label
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
91
Identify the missing label
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
92
Idenitfy the organelle
Golgi apparatus
93
Identify the missing label
Cis face of golgi apparatus
94
Identify the missing label
Cisternae of golgi apparatus
95
Identify the missing label
Incoming vesicle of golgi apparatus
96
Identify the missing label
Lumen of golgi apparatus
97
Identify the missing label
Secretory vesicle of golgi apparatus
98
Identify the missing label
Trans face of golgi apparatus
99
Identify the organelle
80S Ribosome
101
Identify the missing label
**_Large sub-unit_** of 80S ribosome
102
Identify the missing label
**_Small sub-unit_** of 80S ribosome
103
Approximately what size is an 80S ribosome?
25 nm
104
Idenitfy the organelle
70S ribsome
105
Where would the 70S ribosome be found?
Prokaryotic cells
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
106
Identify the missing label
**_Large sub-unit_** of 70S ribosome
107
Identify the missing label
**_Small sub-unit_** of 70S ribosome
108
Approximately what size is the 70S ribosome?
20 nm
109
Identify the organelle
Plant cell wall
110
Identify the missing label
Cell membrane of plant cell
111
Identify the missing label
Cellulose microfibril of plant cell
112
Identify the missing label
**_Cross-links_** between cellulose microfibrils of plant cell
113
Identify the missing label
**_Middle lamella_** - boundary between adjacent plant cells (cements them together)
114
Identify the missing label
**_Pectin_** - component of plant cell wall
115
Identify the missing label
Primary cell wall of plant cell
116
Identify the organelle
Cell wall of fungi
117
Identify the missing label
Cell membrane of fungi
118
Identify the missing label
**_Chitin (polysaccharide)_** - component of fungal cell wall
119
Identify the missing label
**_Glycan (polysaccharide)_** - component of fungal cell wall
120
Identify the missing label
**_Glycoprotein_** - component of fungal cell wall
121
Identify the missing label
**_Vacuole_** of plant cell
122
Identify the missing label
**_Tonoplast_** - single membrane of vacuole
123
What does the vacuole of a plant cell contain?
* Mineral salts
* Sugars
* Amino acids
* Wastes
* Pigments (e.g. anthocyanins)
183
In which type of cell would the 80S ribsome be found?
Eukaryotic Cells
207
How can you monitor the temperature of an experiment to ensure it doesnt change?
use a thermometer and monitor/take readings at regular intervals
208
How does temperature affect the plasma membrane?
Denatures proteins
damages the membrane
makes the membrane more fluid
209
Describe where in the cell lactose would be attached to a polypeptide to form a glycoprotein
add the polypeptide on in the golgi
210
What are the 7 life processes?
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
211
What do we call the cell formed at fertilisation?
A zygote
212
A zygote is what type of cell?
A stem cell (totipotent)
213
A zygote develops into an...
embryo
214
An embryo is made up of which type of cells?
(embryonic) stem cells
215
What is a stem cell?
A non-specialised cell
216
Are the cells of an embryo genetically identical?
yes
217
A zygote and the cells of an embryo divide by the process of...
mitosis
218
Are the specialised cells of a multicellular organism genetically identical?
yes
219
How is it that different types of specialised cells can be genetically identical?
Different genes are active within the nucleus of those cells.
220
Which organelle will be well developed within a sperm cell?
Mitochondria (to provide energy for movement)
221
Which organelle will be well developed in muscle cells?
Mitochondria (to provide energy for movement)
222
What is another name for a liver cell?
Hepatocyte
223
Which organelle will be well developed in a hepatocyte (liver cell)
Golgi apparatus (to detoxify)
224
Some embryonic stem cells develop further into __________ stem cells, which lie dormant for future use.
adult
225
What are haematopoietic cells and where are they found?
- Adult stem cells that develop into red blood cells.
- bone marrow
226
Cells that are adapted to perform a specific function are called...
specialised cells
227
What is a tissue?
A group of identical or similar cells that are specialised to carry out a specific function.
228
Approximately how many different types of human cell are there?
200
229
Muscle cells group together to form...
Muscle tissue
230
What is the function of muscle tissue?
Contraction to allow movement.
231
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
- Line the surface of organs
- Protect
- Have sensory functions
- Absorption
- Transporting substances (if they are ciliated)
232
What are cilia?
Small hair-like structures present on some epithelial cells that can transport substances e.g. mucus in the lungs.
233
What is the function of connective tissue?
- Support - holds other tissues together.
- Provides strength and elasticity to tissues.
234
Connective tissues produce...
collagen fibres
235
What is an organ?
A combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions although they have 1 predominant function.
236
The stomach consists of which tissues?
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
237
Why is it that arteries and veins are organs but capillaries are not?
- Arteries and veins consist of a combination of muscle and endothelial tissues.
- Capillaries only contain endothelial tissues.
238
What is an organ system?
A group of organs that aggregate to perform a specific task.
239
What is the function of the digestive system?`
To digest, process and absorb food.
240
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Breathing and gas exchange.
241
What is the function of the circulatory system?
To pump and circulate blood.
242
Name 3 organ systems
1. Digestive system
2. Circulatory system
3. Respiratory system
243
Name 3 human tissues
1. Muscle tissue
2. Epithelial tissue
3. Connective tissue
244
Name 5 plant tissues
1. Epidermal tissue
2. Palisade mesophyll tissue
3. Spongy mesophyll tissue
4. Xylem tissue
5. Phloem tissue
245
What is the function of xylem tissue?
- Transport water from roots to leaves
- Transport mineral salts
- Provide mechanical support to plant.
246
What is the function of palisade mesophyll tissue?
- To carry out photosynthesis.
247
How are xylem tissues adapted to transport water?
They are formed from hollow cells that allow water to travel through.
248
How are palisade mesophyll tissues adapted to carry out photosynthesis?
They contain many chloroplasts.
249
What is the function of spongy mesophyll cells?
Provide a large surface area for gas exchange via diffusion.
250
What else can we call the epidermal cells that line top and bottom surfaces of a leaf?
Upper epidermis
Lower epidermis
251
Which epidermis of a leaf are stomata found?
Lower epidermis (lower surface)
252
What are guard cells and where are they found?
- 2 kidney shaped cells that form the stomata.
- They are part of the lower epidermal tissue.
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