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Eukaryotes > Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 phyla of Eukaryotic organisms?

A 
Algae, 
protozoa, 
fungi, 
plants, 
animals
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2
Q

What structure is used for cellular locomotion?

A

Flagella (cilia are also used for locomotion in some protozoa)

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3
Q

What structure is used for moving substances along the surface of a cell?

A

cilia

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4
Q

What is the difference between flagella and cilia?

A

Flagella are few and long.

Cilia are many and short

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5
Q

What type of algae use flagella?

A

Euglena

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6
Q

What phyla of organisms often have cilia?

A

Protozoa (like paramecium)

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7
Q

What is an example of cilia in the human?

A

The respiratory tract is lined with cells that have cilia to move mucous and debris in the bronchial tubes to clear the lungs

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8
Q

What is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryote flagella?

A

Prokaryotic flagella rotate, but the eukaryotic flagellum moves in a wavelike manner.

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9
Q

How are the flagella and cilia anchored to the plasma membrane?
What do they consist of and how are they arranged?

A

Both flagella and cilia are anchored to the plasma membrane by a basal body, which consists of 9 pairs of microtubules arranged in a ring, plus another 2 microtubules in the center of the ring, an arrangement called a 9 + 2 array.

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10
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Microtubules are made up of a protein called tubulin.

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11
Q

Do most non-animal eukaryotic cells have cell walls?

A

Yes, although they are much more simple than prokaryotic cells

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12
Q

What 3 phyla have cellulose in their cell walls?

A

Algae, fungi, plants

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13
Q

When would a eukaryotic cell have a glycocalyx?

A

When it has no cell wall and has direct contact with the environment

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14
Q

What is a glycocalyx?

A

A sticky carbohydrate that strengthens the cell surface, helps attach cells together, and contributes to cell-cell recognition

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15
Q

Do eukaryotic cells contain peptidoglycan?

A

no

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16
Q

Do antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporin affect eukaryotic cells?

A

No, they only act against peptidoglycan, and are therefore safe for human cells.

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17
Q

Is the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell different than that of a prokaryotic cell?

A

The plasma membrane of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is very similar in function and structure.

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18
Q

Are all eukaryotic cell plasma membranes the same?

A

No; each cell membrane has different proteins and carbohydrates, which serve in cell to cell recognition.

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19
Q

Where do bacteria attach on a cell?

A

On the proteins and carbohydrates on the cell membrane.

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20
Q

What are sterols, and where are they found?

A

Complex lipids that are only found in eukaryotic cells (with the exception of Mycoplasma, which is a prokaryote that causes leprosy and tuberculosis).

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21
Q

What is the function of sterols?

A

Sterols help the membranes resist lysis from increased osmotic pressure.

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22
Q

What methods allow for substances to cross the cell membrane?

A

diffusion
active transport
endocytosis

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23
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

This occurs when a segment of the plasma membrane surrounds a particle, encloses it, and brings it into the cell.

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24
Q

What is it when the cell membrane projects a pseudopod (false foot), engulfs a particle to bring it in the cell?

A

Phagocytosis

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25
Q

Where is cytoplasm located in a cell?

A

Inside the plasma membrane

-Outside the nucleus

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26
Q

What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm called?

A

Cytosol

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27
Q

Only eukaryotic cytoplasm has a cytoskeleton, give 2 examples.

A

Microfilaments

-Microtubules

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28
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

It provides support and shape for the cell and assists in transporting substances through the cell.

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29
Q

Can cytoskeleton move the entire cell?

A

Yes, as in phagocytosis

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30
Q

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

A

The movement of cytoplasm from one part of the cell to another to distribute nutrients

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31
Q

Many of the important enzymes found in the cytoplasmic fluid of prokaryotes are contained where?

A

Within organelles of Eukaryotes

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32
Q

How are organelles bound?

A

Some are bound by a membrane while others are non-membrane bound

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33
Q

Name the 8 membrane-bound organelles.

A 
Nucleus
ER
Golgi Complex
Lysosomes, Peroxisomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
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34
Q

What are the two structures in a cell that are non-membrane-bound, and are therefore not considered to be organelles?

A

Ribosomes

Centrioles

35
Q

Name the 4 characteristics of the nucleus.

A
  1. Contains almost all of the cell’s hereditary information (DNA)
  2. Surrounded by a double membrane called nuclear envelope
  3. Within nucleus has one or more nucleoli
  4. Contains some protein called histones
36
Q

What is the function of histones?

A

They are like spools that DNA wraps around to organize it

37
Q

What is chromatin?

A

a thread-like mass of dormant DNA.

38
Q

During replication what shortens and thickens in to chromosomes?

A

Chromatin

39
Q

Do Prokaryotes undergo this process?

A

no

40
Q

Do Prokaryotes have Histones?

A

no

41
Q

Is the DNA of a prokaryote enclosed in a nuclear envelope?

A

no

42
Q

How do Eukaryotic cells replicate?

A

Mitosis and meiosis

43
Q

Does this happen in prokaryotes?

A

no

44
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

An extensive network of channels which are continuous with the nuclear envelope.

45
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A

smooth and rough ER

46
Q

What is the rough ER

A

The area that has ribosomes

47
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

They are the sites of protein synthesis (protein factories)

48
Q

What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?

A

Smooth ER does not have ribosomes

49
Q

What does smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum contain?

A

Unique enzymes to make Phospholipids, fats, and steroids such as estrogen and testosterone

50
Q

What function does the smooth ER in Liver cells perform?

A

The enzymes of smooth ER in the liver detoxify drugs

51
Q

Within the Golgi complex, what is the protein modified into?

A

glycoproteins,
glycolipids
lipoproteins

52
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

A lipid containing carbohydrate groups

53
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Molecule that consists of a carbohydrate plus a protein

54
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

Lipoproteins are molecules made of proteins and fat.

55
Q

What part of the Golgi complex is the secretory vesicle detached from?

A

Golgi membrane

56
Q

From the Golgi membrane, where is the protein delivered to?

A

Plasma membrane where they are discharged from the cell

57
Q

What two transportation methods do proteins use to leave the Golgi complex?

A

Secretory and storage vesicles

58
Q

What are the vesicles of the Golgi complex called?

A

Storage vesicles

59
Q

What is an important vesicle that contains digestive enzymes?

A

A Lysosome

60
Q

Describe the physical feature of a lysosome.

A

Membrane-enclosed spheres

61
Q

What is the vesicle called that stores processed proteins or nutrients?

A

Storage Vesicle

62
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes?

A

They are vesicles which contain as many as 40 different kinds of powerful digestive enzymes which digest bacteria that enter the cell.

63
Q

What are the 3 functions of vacuoles?

A
  1. Storage for nutrients such as proteins, lipids, sugars, water
  2. Store wastes and poisons to prevent toxicity to the cytoplasm
  3. Used to transport substances within a cell and transport substances to the outside of the cell
64
Q

What are Mitochondria? x3

A
  • Rod-shaped organelles which appear throughout the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells.
  • They make most of the cell’s ATP.
  • There can be as many as 2000 mitochondria in one cell
65
Q

Name the characteristics of Mitochondria?

A
  1. Mitochondria have a double membrane
    - the outer membrane is smooth
    - the inner membrane is arranged in a series of folds called cristae.
  2. The center is a semi-fluid substance called the matrix.
66
Q

What is the purpose of the cristae in mitochondria?

A

Convolutions of the cristae provide an enormous surface area on which chemical reactions can occur.

67
Q

Why are mitochondria so important to cells?

A

Mitochondria are called the powerhouses of the cell because of their central role in ATP production.

68
Q

How are mitochondria semi-dependent of the cell?

A

Mitochondria contain their own ribosomes and DNA. They are able to replicate themselves and make their own proteins.

69
Q

What is a theory of the origin of Mitochondria?

A

It is theorized that they evolved from bacteria millions of years ago, which have a symbiotic relationship within the organism.

70
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Only found in algae and green plants.

71
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

They contain chlorophyll plus enzymes required for photosynthesis. They also have their own DNA like Mitochondria.

72
Q

Are they capable of multiplying on their own within each cell?

A

yes

73
Q

How do chloroplasts and mitochondria replicate?

A

By binary fission similar to bacteria.

74
Q

What organelle contains enzymes that can oxidize various substances including alcohol?

A

PEROXISOMES

75
Q

What is the end product of the oxidation reaction?

A

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

76
Q

What is catalase?

A

An enzyme made by peroxisomes that decomposes H2O2 (converts it into H2O + water) so it is safe within the cell

77
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

To digest bacteria that have invaded the cell.

78
Q

Ribosomes are attached to which surface of the rough ER?

A

the outer surface or floating free in the cytoplasm

79
Q

What is the function of the Ribosomes in the cell?

A

They are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell

80
Q

Are the Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells larger or smaller than the Ribosomes in the prokaryotic cells?

A

They are larger (80S instead of 70S) and denser than ribosomes of prokaryotic cells

81
Q

What are the purposes of the proteins made by ribosomes?

A

They are either used inside the cell, or inserted into the plasma membrane or exported out of the cell

82
Q

Where are Centromes located?

A

near the nucleus

83
Q

What is the purpose of the Centrome?

A

During mitosis they move the duplicated chromosomes towards opposite ends of the cell

Eukaryotes (2 decks)

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