Eukaryotes Flashcards
Earliest eukaryote fossils said to be how old?
1.85 bya
earliest eukaryotes were said to be ?
unicellular
Did early eukaryotes have cell walls?
no
Mitochondria duplicate like ______? (similar to bacteria)
bacteria, binary fission
All eukaryotes have this organelle _____
mitochondria
Most eukaryotes have how many genomes?
2
Photosynthetic eukaryotes have at least how many genomes?
3
How many endosymbiotic events are there said to have taken place?
2
What genes are required to make peptidoglycan?
Mur genes. some plastids still retain this
What are protists
eukaryotes that are neither a plant or animal or fungus
Describe the Bikonta supergroup
Bi=two flagella, but some are nonmotile. Photosyntheitc
Describe the Unikonta supergroup
Non-photosynthetic, more basal
SAR (Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizara) are all closely related, but which two are sister groups?
Stramenopiles and Rhizara
Sar is photosynthetic?
All have some photosynthetic and some nonphotosynthetic
Name the 3 groups within Stramenopiles
Brown algae, diatoms, oomycytes
Describe Stramenopiles
TWO funny flagellun. No amitochondriate species known.
Describe Diatoms
mostly unicellular, sometimes in simple chains, have shells, chlorophyll a and c. photosynthetic
Describe Oomycytes
fungal like water mold looking thing. No photosynthesis, chemohetertotrophic. Decomposers and pathogens. SExual and asexual
Describe Brown Algae
Almost exclusively marine, brown color from carotenoid pigment in chloroplasts, chlorophyll a and c
What large catastrophic event in history is associated with Oomycytes?
The Irish Potato Blight
Generally describe Alveolata
unicellular protists both heterotrophic and photosynthetic with alveoli covering.
Name the 3 Alveolata groups
Ciliates, dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans
Alveoli make a “________” appearance
quilted
Do alveolates have any amitochondriate species?
No
Describe Ciliates
two nuclei and chemoheterotrophic i.e Paramecium
Describe Dinoflagellates
mostly unicellular but some colonies, armored, two flagella shaped like T. plankton. Some photoautotrophic, some chemohetertotrophic. Some are photobionts. Some have chlorophyll c. Red tide.
Describe Apicomplexa
Protists that are parasites of animals. They produce a unique organelle called an apicoplast surrounded by 3 or 4 membranes . Unicellular, spore forming
What is an apicoplast
nonphotosynthetic plastid used for penetration of host cells, unique to acomplexians. perhaps evolved from chloroplasts
How were apicoplasts derived?
Homologous to plastids in Dinoflagellates, likely evolved by secondary endosymbiosis with a red alga
Describe the Plasmodium life cycle
zygote is only diploid stage. Infectious stage is the sporozoite. Sexual reproduction in mosquitos, asexual in humans
What is Toxoplasma Gondii
intracellular parasitic acomplexian
How is Toxoplasma gondii acquired
consuming contaminated food/water
What kind of effects does Toxoplasma gondii have on animals/humans?
psychological. may be linked to alzheimers or epilepsy
In what animal can toxoplasma gondii reproduce sexually?
cats
Describe Rhizaria and how they move
unicells that move by amoeboid
Describe how Rhizaria tend to eat
feed with pseudopodia on other single celled organisms
are there any multicellular Rhizaria?
no
What 5 groups make up Bikonts?
Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizaria, Plants, excavates
What 2 groups make up Unikonts?
Opisthokonts and Amoebazoans
What 3 groups were covered for Stramenopiles?
Diatoms, Brown Algae, and oomycytes
What 3 groups were covered for Alveolates?
ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexa
Which SAR group has amitochondriate species known?
Rhizaria
