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Politics UK and EU > EU Origins and Enlargement > Flashcards

EU Origins and Enlargement Flashcards

1
Q

Informal Integration

A

Cross-border/transnational social and economic interactions between countries.
Creates the need for closer relations.

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2
Q

Formal Integration

A

Official relations between countries using legally-binding treaties.
These treaties establish supranational political institutions and frameworks.

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3
Q

Year, Aim and Cost of Marshall Plan?

A

1948, Economic Liberalisation of Europe/Preserving Peace Across Europe, $12.5 billion dollars in aid for Europe’s industry.

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4
Q

When and what was the Truman Doctrine?

A

1947 - it was an American foreign policy which specifically stated that the USA would oppose Soviet political expansionism.

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5
Q

Who was Konrad Adenauer?

A

First Chancellor of the GDR - was very in favour of European integration and in favour of establishing closer relations with France.

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6
Q

Who was Winston Churchill?

A

Prime Minister of Britain - wanted to create a ‘United States of Europe’ in order to preserve peace.

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7
Q

Who was Jean Monnet?

A

Unifying force behind the European Union, dedicated himself entirely to European Integration and was the inspiration behind the Schuman Plan.

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8
Q

Who was Alcide de Gasperi?

A

Italian statesmen who worked on the realisation of the Marshall Plan and created close economic ties between European countries, particularly France.

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9
Q

Who was Robert Schuman?

A

The architect of the European Integration Project - wrote the Schuman plan with Monnet.

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10
Q

What was the Schuman Plan?

A

1950 - German-Franco coal and steel production to be united under a ‘high authority’ - all other European countries were invited to participate. Concrete foundation of a European Federation where the main aim was peace.

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11
Q

What was the Treaty of Paris?

A

1951 - officially established the European Steel and Coal Community. Joined by Germany, Italy, France and BENELUX countries. Aimed for peace and economic prosperity.

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12
Q

What was the Treaty of Rome?

A

1957 - formally established the European Economic Community - economic liberalisation and peace across Europe - common policies and funds from all member states.

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13
Q

What was the point of European Integration? Five main reasons for joining.

A

Rehabilitation, Recovery, Reorientation, Reconciliation and Security

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14
Q

Why did Germany join?

A

Recovery - economy destroyed by the war, now divided into two separate countries.
Rehabilitation and Reconciliation - wanted to escape its Nazi legacy and create a new European identity.
Collective Security - stronger as one

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15
Q

Why did France join?

A

Recovery - substantial rebuilding was needed, devastated by the war.
Modernisation - new economic prospects across Europe
Reconciliation - new relationship with Germany
Reorientation - new peaceful Europe, escape colonial past and embrace cooperative/peaceful future
Monnet was in favour of European integration

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16
Q

Why did Italy join?

A

Rehabilitation and Reconciliation - escape facist legacy (Mussolini) and make peace with the powers it had fought during the war.
Recovery - rebuild a democratic and capitalist state.
Security - communist threat from East Germany and the Soviet Union

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17
Q

What is supranationalism?

A

Supranationalism refers to a large amount of power given to an authority which is placed higher than the state (in our case this authority is the European Union).

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18
Q

What is enlargement?

A

New member states joining an already existing union.

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19
Q

What is a rationalist approach?

A

One that prioritises economic interests and geo-strategic interests.

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20
Q

What is a constructivist approach?

A

One that prioritises ideas and identity and norms and values.

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21
Q

Three main principles of the European Union?

A

‘Peace and prosperity’ through greater political and economic unity.
‘An ever closer union’ (Treaty of Rome, 1957).
Supranationalism - interstate relations go beyond cooperation and extend into integration, involves some loss of national sovereignty.

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22
Q

Factors influencing applications to the European Union?

A

A country’s history, context and objectives will all be considered.
Success and size - EU is huge and successful
Interdependence - countries rely on and support each other
Gaining insider influence - influence Europe from the centre of it
Perceived benefits outweigh the costs - access to common market, free trade, regulated products
Alternative - EFTA? WTO?

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23
Q

When was the First Enlargement of the European Union? Who led it?

A

1973 - the UK

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24
Q

Who partook in the first enlargement?

A

UK, Denmark and Ireland

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25
Q

Previous failed applications of the UK?

A

1961 and 1967 - France blocked them.

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26
Q

What were the economic and geo-strategic considerations of the UK-led enlargement of the European Union?

A

Success of the European Economic Community.
Growing trade with EEC
Reorientation (UK and Ireland)

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27
Q

When was the Treaty of Association?

A

1972 - we established close economic relations with the EU.

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28
Q

When exactly did the UK join?

A

1973 - official members.

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29
Q

Why did the UK join?

A

Economic rationalism - growing trade with EEC, UK wanted same rate growth, wanted to modernise.

Geo-strategic considerations - reorientation (retreat from Empire), new global role (post-Suez canal), commonwealth troubles (economic and political)

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30
Q

Why did Denmark join?

A

Denmark - eurosceptic but rationalist objectives (trade with Germany and UK) access/support for agricultural exports.

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31
Q

Why did Ireland join?

A

Close economic/political links to UK and wanted to access agricultural funds (CAP)

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32
Q

Other benefits for Ireland and Denmark?

A

Gaining national status and influencing European integration.

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33
Q

Second Enlargement: ‘Southern’ (1980s)

A

Greece (1981) Spain & Portugal (1986) - applications were in the 1970s.

34
Q

Second Enlargement countries were similar in which way?

A

Authoritarian Regimes, Recently democracies, End Political Isolation, required economic development

35
Q

When did Greece join? Brief history of its country?

A 
They joined EU in 1981.
There was the 'Colonels' in 1967 - authoritarian regime
Democracy restored - 1974
Application to EEC - 1975
Membership - 1981
36
Q

What were rationalist and constructivist motivations?

A

Consolidate democracy and economic modernisation, development funds, resolve geo-strategic and security concerns.

37
Q

When did Portugal join? Historical Background?

A

1986, had been under authoritarian rule until 1974 (Carnation Revolution), then democracy was restored but needed consolidation. Application was in 1977.

38
Q

Portugla’s pull factors?

A

Spain = neighbour, UK = long-standing ally
Reorientation and decolonisation
Restructure and revitalise economy

39
Q

When did Spain join? Historical Background?

A

1986 - Franco regime ended in 1975 and democracy was restored, so they applied in 1977 after a failed application in 1962

40
Q

What were Spain’s reasons?

A

End international isolation; democratic consolidation.
They also required funding for deprived regions; CAP and fishing policy. Their entry was stimulus for economic and social reforms.

41
Q

Third Enlargement? Who and when?

A

Austria, Finland and Sweden in 1995

42
Q

Crucial contextual factors in the Third Enlargement?

A

End of Cold War
Single European Market (1990s recession).
EU moving towards Economic, Monetary and Political Union (Maastricht Treaty).
All three states had successful social market economies. European social model: consensual welfare states

43
Q

Why did Sweden join?

A

Unemployment and balance of payments crisis meant they needed growth and exports.

44
Q

Why did Finland join?

A

Loss of major market (USSR).

45
Q

General economic motives of Finland and Sweden?

A

‘Scandinavian Model’ under pressure due to impact of 1990s recession.
Membership meant liberalising economies.
Membership meant investment
Also scared of USSR

46
Q

Why did Austria join? And when?

A

First to apply in 1989 and their previous reasons for non-membership had been removed (end of cold war)

47
Q

What was the impact of new developments? (SEM)

A

Single European Market meant greater market competition with low tariffs and high investment/export opportunities.

48
Q

When did the Berlin Wall fall?

A

1989

49
Q

Why did Cyprus and Malta apply?

A

1990

50
Q

When did the Yugoslav conflict start?

A

1991

51
Q

When did the Copenhagen Criteria?

A

1993

52
Q

How many CEEC applied between 1994-1996?

A

10

53
Q

When did Accession negotiations start?

A

1998 and 1999

54
Q

When was the Copenhagen Summit Agreement?

A

2002

55
Q

When did 8 CEECs and 2 Med Nations join?

A

2004

56
Q

When did Romania and Bulgaria join?

A

2007

57
Q

Politics Copenhagen Criteria?

A

Must be stability regarding democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for protection of minorities.

58
Q

Economics Copenhagen Criteria?

A

A functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with the competitive pressures and market forces within the Union.

59
Q

Obligations Copenhagen Criteria?

A

Membership requires you must take on the obligations of membership. Adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union.

60
Q

Central and Eastern Europe wanted what by joining the EU?

A

‘(Re)turning to the West’

61
Q

The CEECs wanted to return to the West why?

A
  • Embrace the West’s prosperity (market economic)s, democracy( (liberal political norms/values).
  • Political Stability - democratic consolidations and transition
  • External relations (security) fear of Russia and NATO membership
62
Q

Who are the Visegrád States?

A

Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia

63
Q

Why did the Visegrád States join?

A

Wanted to return to the West for economic development, security, and democratic reforms.
Slovakia had the issue of democratic consolidaton

64
Q

Who are the Baltic States?

A

Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia

65
Q

Who is the most eurosceptic country?

A

Latvia - government made considerable efforts to deter voters from voting to join the Union, but the join campaign still won by a large majority.

66
Q

Why did the Baltic states join?

A

Economic Development - aid (development funds) and boost to growth and jobs.
Security (Russia)
Democratic reforms and EU values were ideal.
All had common aims and themes.

67
Q

Why did Slovenia join?

A

Impact of nationalist surge/Balkan conflict.

68
Q

Why did Cyprus join?

A

Greek support, Issue of Northern Cyprus

69
Q

Why did Malta join?

A
  • Most divided population (referendum vote)

- Joining EU market v neutrality and sovereignty

70
Q

When did Bulgaria and Romania join?

A

2007

71
Q

Why did Bulgaria and Romania join?

A

Economic development, democratic consolidation and security.

72
Q

Why did Romania specifically join?

A

Consistent domestic support for EU

No nostalgia for Ceauşescu regime

73
Q

Why did Bulgaria specifically join?

A

Change of government (1997)

Led to economic reforms and optimism about joining the EU.

74
Q

Why agree to the Eastern enlargement?

A

Rationalist explanations include the economic advantages of a larger market, more investment.
Then there’s political, geo-strategic advantages too, such as the promotion of liberal democratic values and spread of influence.

75
Q

Costs of the Eastern enlargement?

A
  • Powerful supporters of CEEC membership included Germany and UK (Commission members) and USA + NATO
  • Reluctant member states included France and the Mediterranean states.
  • Reluctant because of the cost of financial assistance to CEECs
  • Funding new people creates problems for existing net-beneficiaries
  • Would require institutional and policy reforms
76
Q

Why agree to Eastern enlargement?

A

Constructivist - social identities, norms and values are important.
There’s a moral obligation to help others; European unity.

77
Q

When did Croatia join? Last enlargement?

A

2013

78
Q

Who are currently in Accession Negotiations?

A

Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland and Turkey

79
Q

What did Juncker say in 2014 about the enlargements?

A

Trickier since the economic crash in 2007, then there was the Greece crisis. Member states have their own domestic pressures so there is less external and internal support.

80
Q

New aims of the EU?

A

Close relations with ‘near abroad’ and targeted assistance, short of full membership

Politics UK and EU (4 decks)

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