EU law

Question 1

What were the 3 original communities that existed ?

Answer 1

1) the european coal and steel community (ECSC)
2) the european economic community (EEC)
3) the european atomic energy community (EURATOM)

Question 2

what was the umbrella pillar that the treaty brought these communities under?

Answer 2

The European Community Treaty

Question 3

What were the two further pillars?

Answer 3

1) the common foreign and security policy
2) provision on police and judicial cooperation on criminal matters

Question 4

Why was the union set up?

Answer 4

To put an end to the wars

Question 5

Talk about the economic development of the EC?

Answer 5

After the European Community was set up. It established the international monetary fund, the general agreements on tariffs and trade, the Marshall plan, the organisation for the European economic co-operation. These were designed to but the EC back on its financial path.

Question 6

The Schuman Plan

Answer 6

They proposed the linking of the French and German coal and steel industries, which would be taken
out of the hands of the nation states and put under the control of a supernational body

Question 7

The Schuman Plan

Answer 7

Belgium, The Netherlands, and Luxembourg, which form the Benelux nations, had already moved ahead with their customs union, and also saw the benefits to be gained from membership and this form of integration.

Question 8

The Schuman Plan

Answer 8

Italy also considered it to be in its economic interest to join and considered it to be a resistance to further Communist gains in the state.

Question 9

The treaty of paris 1951

Answer 9

6 nations went ahead to sign the treaty of paris 1951

Question 10

The European Coal and Steel Community

Answer 10

The ECSC Treaty was a mix of both intergovernmental and supranational integration, as the institutions set up included both the High Authority, a supranational body, and the Council of Ministers from the member states – an essentially intergovernmental body.

Question 10

The European Coal and Steel Community

Answer 10

The ECSC Treaty was a mix of both intergovernmental and supranational integration, as the institutions set up included both the High Authority, a supranational body, and the Council of Ministers from the member states – an essentially intergovernmental body.

Question 11

The European Coal and Steel Community

Answer 11

it was assumed by some - the so-called neo-functionalists – that further integration would be inevitable. The ECSC treaty expired in 2002.

Question 12

The proposed European defence Community and European Political Community

Answer 12

Monnet also put forward a proposal (the Pleven Plan) for a European Defence Community (EDC) in 1953. European Political Community (EPC) was also proposed in 1953, to provide overseeing political control and foreign policy for the EDC.

Question 13

Jean Monnet

Answer 13

Jean Monnet resigned as the president of the high authority in order to promote further European integration. He worked with the Benelux nations. He believed that nations should integrate many more aspects of their economies.

Question 14

what were the external catalysts?

Answer 14

There were also additional external catalysts for further integration, including the Algerian war of independence, the Soviet suppression of the 1956 Hungarian Uprising, and the Suez Canal invasion by France and the UK.

Question 15

the institutions of the EEC

Answer 15

At first, all three Communities each had their own institutions but shared a Court of Justice (COJ) and the Parliamentary Assembly. The separate institutions were later merged under the Treaty, establishing a single Council and a single Commission of the European Communities (the Merger Treaty) in 1965, which entered into force in 1967, and the provisions of which have been incorporated into the present Treaties. the EEC Treaty was the most important

Question 16

Integration in the Communities and EU:

Answer 16

It was originally considered that because there was success in certain policies, this would automatically lead to a spill-over from one area to another, thus brining about increasing integration.
This is termed “functional integration’ or ‘neofunctionalism’. Others have described this as ‘creeping federalism’.

Question 17

Integration in the communities and EU

Answer 17

sector-by-sector integration and the process of European union was regarded as an inevitable process.

Question 18

Integration in the communities and EU

Answer 18

The fiscal policies must be integrated, and this economic integration would require that political integration would have to follow in order to provide stable and consistent policy control over the economic conditions applying in the Union.

Question 19

Integration in the communities and EU

Answer 19

The original plans put forward by Monet for the ECSC may have been much more federal in nature and openly so, particularly as the Community was to be governed by a supranational High Authority only, but it was at the insistence of the member states that the original ECSC Treaty established a Council of Ministers, clearly intergovernmental, and a Parliamentary Assembly of member state representatives.

Question 20

Integration in the communities and EU

Answer 20

Despite the failure of the EDC and EPC, the ECSC remained successful and was complemented in 1957 by the other two Communities.

Question 21

integration in the communities and EU

Answer 21

the success in the area of the common customs tariff appeared to work as envisaged by the neofunctionalists/federalists and led to spill-over into other areas, and in particular to further
pressure for the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).

Question 22

integration in the communities and EU

Answer 22

The agreed decision by the member states in June 2007 at the Brussels European Council Summit to abandon the Constitutional Treaty (CT) and to replace it by a Reform Treaty, which is argued to be far less supranational in nature, may be seen as providing a clear and deliberate halt to progress to a
federal Europe, although that too could change in time.

Question 23

Developments following the European Treaties

Answer 23

The dismantling of customs duties was achieved by the original six member states, and the Common Market for the free movement of goods was largely achieved ahead of the target year of 1969, set down in the EEC Treaty.

Question 24

Developments following the European Treaties

Answer 24

competition policy and the CAP- successful in terms of guaranteeing production, but the object of criticism ever since because its price-support mechanisms have generated overproduction–are both regarded as successes.

Question 25

Developments following the European Treaties

Answer 25

the Communities did not expand until 1973, nor integrate any further until 1986, much of which was to do with the rejection by de Gaulle of the UK applications and the creation of a national
veto established under the Luxembourg Accords as a compromise to the stalemate the member states found themselves in when de Gaulle effectively blocked further integration.

Question 26

Developments following the European Treaties

Answer 26

The member states held a summit in The Haque in 1969 to try to get the Communities moving again, which set as its goals the completion, widening, and deepening of the Communities. Although the completion of the Common Market, which should have been fully achieved by 1969, took considerably longer and actually had to wait until 1992, the widening and deepening of the Communities were processes always intended to be ongoing.

Question 27

The widening of the communities

Answer 27

• 1973-first expansion of members: Denmark, Ireland, and the UK
• 1981 and 1986-second expansion: Greece, Portugal, and Spain
  1990-due to the reunification of Germany, East Germany is assimilated
  1995-expansion: Austria, Finland, and Sweden
• 2004- expansion: Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland,
  Slovakia, and Slovenia
  2007-expansion: Bulgaria and Romania
• 2013-expansion: Croatia

Question 28

Second expansion

Answer 28

None of these three countries were economically in a strong position in relation to the existing member states, and in view of this all were regarded by some as unfit for membership Politically, however, their acceptance into the Communities was regarded as crucial to support the recently emerged democracies in all of these countries after varying periods of authoritarian of dictatorial right-wing rule, and further, to act as a counter-force to any possible violent reaction to the Left and
possible establishment of governments sympathetic to Moscow.

Question 28

Second expansion

Answer 28

None of these three countries were economically in a strong position in relation to the existing member states, and in view of this all were regarded by some as unfit for membership Politically, however, their acceptance into the Communities was regarded as crucial to support the recently emerged democracies in all of these countries after varying periods of authoritarian of dictatorial right-wing rule, and further, to act as a counter-force to any possible violent reaction to the Left and
possible establishment of governments sympathetic to Moscow.

Question 29

East Germany assimilated

Answer 29

A smaller automatic expansion took place in 1990, with the reunification of West and East Germany as the first concrete change to result from the fall of the Communist regimes in the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries.

Question 30

Setting terms for future expansion

Answer 30

The German mini expansion awakened the Communities to the possibility of a number of the former Eastern European states seeking membership and prompted a longer-term evaluation of the conditions required of aspirant member states.

Question 31

Setting terms for future expansion

Answer 31

The next and fourth enlargement took place sooner than expected as a result of the changes in Eastern Europe and the economic success facilitated by the Single European Act (SEA).

Question 32

The European Economic Area

Answer 32

the economic benefits of the SEA enjoyed by the member states of the communities, other European states, most of which had cooperation or association agreements with the communities and were members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), started to make overtures to the Communities for greater cooperation and some for possible membership.

Question 33

The European Economic Area

Answer 33

Additionally, prior to the collapse of Communism in Europe in the late 1980s, some of the EFTA member states were uncertain for various reasons, including their neutrality and post-Second World War constitutional position, whether full membership was politically feasible or possible.

Question 34

The European Economic Area

Answer 34

a lesser form of integration was proposed by the European Commission, in which the participants could benefit from the advantages of the single market and the competition policy, but
not be involved in the other economic or political aspects of the Communities, including decision making.

Question 35

The European Economic Area

Answer 35

the negotiations for this new form of cooperation were very drawn out and subject to considerable delays