EU Foreign Policy

Question 1

Dayton Accords 1995

Answer 1

US led peace agreement ending Bosnian War - one of the Yugoslav conflicts. Evidenced EU impotence in foreign security/defense policy

Question 2

Kosovo Crisis 1998-1999

Answer 2

Significant for further evidence of EU impotence/lack of security architecture. Impetus for creating a CFSP

Question 3

Saint Malo 1998

Answer 3

Franco-British Summit; Chiraq + Blair
France increasingly atlanticist - rapproachment with NATO
UK more europeanist
Declared need for EU to have autonomous capacity militarily in response security/crisis questions; birthplace of ESDP

Question 4

Minsk Agreement 2014

Answer 4

ceasefire sponsored by OSCE to end Ukraine-Russia fighting

Question 5

European Global Strategy 2013

Answer 5

in contrast to European Security Strategy this was more realistic/humble; not intent on EU interests/export/civilian power;
revisits STRATEGIC AUTONOMY - EU will get autonomy via NATO not in competition with it
Regional Involvement entails RESILIENCE > normative power / reform in neighborhood

Question 6

Strategic Autonomy

Answer 6

brought up in Saint Malo and EGS (2013)

Question 7

Realpolitik

Answer 7

international government policy concerned with perceived interests of the nation. Politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations

Question 8

Emerging Countries

Answer 8

BRICS - Brazil, India, China, South Africa

MINT - Mexico, India, Nigeria, Turkey

Question 9

Euromaidan 2013

Answer 9

wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine, November 2013. In response to Uk president Yanukovych rejected signing EU AA

Question 10

OSCE

Answer 10

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

Question 11

ENP 2004

Answer 11

flagship regional policy

Originally targetted eastern neighbors - Belarus, Mldova, Ukrained

Question 12

ENP 2004

Answer 12

Flagship regional policy
Originally targeted eastern neighbors - Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia (rejected).
To create balance southern Mediterranean and later caucuses included.
Turkey only joined after made clear this wasn’t an alternative to joining the union.
Mobility, Markets, Money
“Everything but the institutions”
limited success - has been revisited multiple times, visa access facilitated for some Eastern countries;

Question 13

Concentric Circles

Answer 13

framework for gradual integration short of actual accession; meant as compromise to Widening vs. Deepening Debate
proposed by Commission Prez Jacques Delors
EU –> EFTA (EEA) –> CEECs (association agreements) –> Soviet Union/Former soviet countries (Partnership and Cooperation Agreements)
Failed to place CEECs who watned to return to Europea

Question 14

Concentric Circles 1990

Answer 14

framework for gradual integration short of actual accession; meant as compromise to Widening vs. Deepening Debate
proposed by Commission Prez Jacques Delors
EU –> EFTA (EEA) –> CEECs (association agreements) –> Soviet Union/Former soviet countries (Partnership and Cooperation Agreements)
FAILED: CEECs who wanted to return to Europe and Yugoslav conflict increased urgency of accession (buffer zone)

Question 15

Copenhagen Criteria 1993

Answer 15

Council meets to determine membership conditions:

1. Stable institutions that can guarantee democracy, rule of law, and respect for human rights, [protection of minorities
2. Functioning market economy & the ability to cope with competitive pressure & market forces w/in Union
3. Ability to accept the obligations of membership i.e. aims of the political, economic & monetary union & the acquis communautaire
4. willingness to participate in the CFSP & possibly a common defense policy

Question 16

PHARE

Answer 16

Pologne-Hungarie Aid a la Reconstruction Economique
conditional aid program aimed at Poland/Hungary
intended to establish democracy and economic reform

Question 17

High Politics/Low Politics

Answer 17

High - military

Question 18

High Politics/Low Politics

Answer 18

High - has to do with survival of the nation; national and international security concerns; military
Low - everything else to do with nation; easy/non contencious
The reason EC/EU was able to integrate economically more easily than political/security and defense is bc of this perceived difference bw trade as low politics vs. S/D as high politics

Question 19

How did EU-US relations develop?

Answer 19

There was a general post-war interdependence across all fields - economic, political, and security based. E.g. equal trade partners - overall they held more than 50% of each others inflows, outflows and FDIs (China replaced US as major importer thoo)

The US was committed to rebuilding/restructuring Europe on a market basis (Marshal Plan), and a political/security basis (to fight off the common Soviet threat which later transformed into the MUZLEM THREAT)

Institutional Relations:
- Transatlantic Declaration 1990
- New Transatlantic Agenda 1995
-Transatlantic Economic Partnership 1995
(mutual recognition agreements)
- Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership 2013

But its not all dandy there are sources of conflict/differences:

• values
• climate
• US manipulation of EU internal divisions through “Special Relationships” with member states
• contrasting cultural styles -

Question 20

How did transatlantic relations develop?

Answer 20

There was a general post-war interdependence across all fields - economic, political, and security based. E.g. equal trade partners - overall they held more than 50% of each others inflows, outflows and FDIs (China replaced US as major importer thoo)

The US was committed to rebuilding/restructuring Europe on a market basis (Marshal Plan), and a political/security basis (to fight off the common Soviet threat which later transformed into the MUZLEM THREAT)

Institutional Relations:
- Transatlantic Declaration 1990
- New Transatlantic Agenda 1995
-Transatlantic Economic Partnership 1995
(mutual recognition agreements)
- Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership 2013

But its not all dandy there are sources of conflict/differences:

• values
• climate
• US manipulation of EU internal divisions through “Special Relationships” with member states
• contrasting cultural styles: hard vs. soft power

Question 21

Neofunctionalism

Answer 21

A theory of regional integration

Question 22

DCFTA

Answer 22

Deep and Comprehensive FTAs

Question 23

Constructive Engagement

Answer 23

A response to emerging economies not included in development plans. Used in cases where the EU has little leverage over the other country/region - no carrot/stick!

Question 24

EEAS

Answer 24

European External Action Service