Ethnicity: External factors

Question 1

Cultural Deprivation 3 main aspects

Answer 1

1. Intellectual and linguistic skills
2. Attitudes and Values
3. Family structure and parental support

Question 2

Intellectual and linguistic skills: Studies (CD)

Answer 2

• Bereiter and Engelmann: language spoken by low-income black American families inadequate for educational success.
• 2010: those with English as first language 3.2 points ahead of those who don’t.
• Gillborn and Mirza: Indian pupils do very well despite often not having English as their home language.

Question 3

Family structure: Structure (CD)

Answer 3

• Moyniham: many black families are headed by a lone mother, child deprived of adequate care. (CD as a cycle)
• Scruton: low achievement levels of some ethnicity minorities as resulting from a failure to embrace mainstream British culture.
• Pryce: Asian pupils higher achievers because their culture is more resistant to racism. (higher self worth)

Question 4

Sewell (CD)

Answer 4

• Lack of fatherly nurturing or ‘tough love’ leads to black boys underachieving.
• In absence of restraining influence, street ganfs offer ‘perverse loyalty and love’,
• These present boys with anti-school black masculinity
• This means boys are subject to anti-school subculture
• “Biggest barrier facing black boys is actually black peer pressure”

Question 5

Lupton (CD)

Answer 5

• Adult authority in Asian families is similar to educational structure.

Question 6

McCulloch (CD)

Answer 6

• ethnic minority pupils more likely to aspire to go to university than white working class

Question 7

Criticisms of CD Theory

Answer 7

• Keddie: victim blaming, ethnic minorities underachieve because education is ethnocentric (not culturally deprived)
• Lawrence challenges Pryce’s view that blacks fail because of low self esteem. It is because of racism.

Question 8

Palmer (MD)

Answer 8

• Almost 1/2 of ethnic minority children live in low-income households, against 1/4 of white children.
• Ethnic minorities almost twice as likely to be unemployed with whites.
• Ethnic minority households 3X likely to be homeless.

Question 9

Class overriding ethnicity

Answer 9

2011: 86% of Chinese girls who received FSM achieved 5 or more higher grade GCSEs, compared with only 65% of whites

Question 10

Wood et al (RWS)

Answer 10

• Sent closely matches job app;lications to each of almost 1,000 job vacancies.
• For each job, 1 application appeared to come from a white person and 2 from members of minority group.
• Found 1 in 16 ethnic minority applications were offered an interview.
• Found 1 in 9 white applications.