Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 13 Sociology 24/25 > Ethnicity and Crime > Flashcards

Ethnicity and Crime Flashcards

1
Q

3 Main Stats - Ethnicity & Criminalisation

A

> OS
Victim Surveys
Self-Report Studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

OS - Ethnicity & Criminalisation

A

> BAME overrep in CJS, despite being lowest % of pop

> Black 7x + likely to be stopped & searched, 5x + likely to be in prison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Victim Surveys - Ethnicity & Criminalisation

A

> Crime often intra-ethnic

> Ask ppl to identify ethnicity of person who done crime vs them

> e.g. for mugging, black + likely to be identified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Criticisms of Victim Surveys

A

> Over identify black & only look @ personal crimes

> Exclude under 16’s - BAME contain + proportion of young ppl

> No focus on WCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ethnicity & Criminalisation - Stats (KS)

A

> Graham & Bowling (SRS)

> Sharp & Budd (SRS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SRS - Graham & Bowling

A

> B&W had = rates of offending, asians had - rates

> Goes vs stereotype of B + likely > W to offend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sharp & Budd (SRS)

A

> Those from mixed ethnic origins + likely to self-report crimes

> e.g. more M of MEO claimed to use drugs vs less B&W

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Conclusion on Stats for Ethnic Differences in Crime

A

Inconsistent, OS & VS shows + rates of offending by B, but SRS don’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of Racism in CJS (KS)

A

> Phillips and Browning (Policing)

> Holdaway - Canteen Culture (Police Racism)

> Bowling - Canteen Culture (Police Racism)

> Bowling & Phillips (Prosecution)

> Hood (Sentencing)

> Hudson & Bramall (Pre-Sentence Reports)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Examples of Racism in CJS

A 
> Policing
> Stop & Search
> Arrests & Cautions
> Prosecution 
> Trial
> Sentencing & Prison
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Phillips and Browning - Policing

A

> EM are “over-policed & under protected & oppressed

> e.g. mass stop & search, surveillance etc.

> Fail 2 respond to racist violence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Criticisms of Phillips & Bowling

A

Targeting due 2 MP e.g. black muggers in 70’s based on actual criminality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stop & Search - Examples of Racism in CJS

A

> B + likely 2 be S&S > W, only need reasonable suspicion.

> But only few stops result in arrests, also + A due to Terrorism Act (2000)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explanations for Patterns in Stop & Search

A

> Ethnic Diff in Offending
Police Racism
Demographic Factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Holdaway - Canteen Culture (Police Racism)

A

PO, not racist themselves but when together can reinforce stereotypes then acted on duty.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bowling - Canteen Culture (Police Racism)

A

> Among rank & file members, active racism in ppl making racist jokes

> Conducting police practices in racist way.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Macpherson Report - (Police Racism)

A

IR in police force in their handling of murder of Stephen Lawerence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Criticisms of Macpherson Report

A

> Recommendations implemented e.g. Racial Equality Scheme

> Recruiting + PO from EM - but crime rate 4 EM not -?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ethnic Diff in Offending - Explanations for Patterns in Stop & Search

A

> Patterns due to fact some EM groups + likely to offend

> So police acting on relevant info about an offence e.g. LD stops & HD stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Low Discretion Stops

A

PO act on intelligence e.g. description of offender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

High Discretion Stops

A

PO act w/out intelligence so can use stereotypes, so discrimination + likely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Demographic Factors - Explanations for Patterns in Stop & Search

A

> Young, unemployed, manual workers + likely to be stopped regardless of ethnicity

> Groups + prevalent among EM, so stopped more

23
Q

Arrests & Cautions - Examples of Racism in CJS

A

> A - likely > W 2 get caution, as EM + likely > W to deny offence

> & use right 4 legal advice - can’t get cautioned + likely 2 be charged instead

24
Q

Bowling & Phillips - Prosecution

A

> CPS + likely to drop cases vs EM > W

> Evidence given is often weaker & based on stereotypes of EM as criminals

25
Trial - Examples of Racism in CJS
> EM + likely to use trial in CC > in magistrates due to mistrust of their impartiality > But CC can give harsher sentences
26
Convictions - Examples of Racism in CJS
> EM - likely to be found guilty, due to police/CPS discrimination police/CPS Bring weaker cases vs EM, so thrown out by courts
27
Sentencing - Examples of Racism in CJS
> Jail sentences given to + B offenders > W\A > W\A + likely 2 get community sentences > Due to diff in seriousness of offence/prior convictions.
28
Hood - Sentencing
> Even if seriousness of offence & prior convictions are considered > B men 5% + likely to get jail sentences longer > W men
29
Hudson & Bramall - Pre-Sentence Reports
> Harsher sentences due 2 PSR written by probation officers, allows 4 discrimination > Reports on A - comprehensive & - remorseful > W > Bias due 2 demonising of muslims, due 2 9/11
30
Prison - Examples of Racism in CJS
> B 5x + likely to be in prison > W & B&A usually serve + sentences > EM - likely to be granted bail
31
Explanations for Statistical Differences in Offending (KS)
> Lea & Young (Left Realism) > Gilroy (NM, Myth of Black Criminality & EM crime as Political Resistance) > Hall et al (Policing the Crisis) > Fitzgerald (Neighbourhood Factors) > Waddington et al (Locality Theory) > Sharp & Budd (Getting Caught) > Sewell (Triple Quandary)
32
LR - Explanations for Statistical Differences in Offending
> B + CR due 2 alienation & marginalisation & RD > Diff vs B&A S&S figures, implies police selective in racism - unlikely > Racists unselective, so due 2 real diff in rd, marginalisation etc
33
Criticisms of Left Realism
> Rates for A’s lower due to police stereotypes of B’S as aggressive & A as passive > Stop & search for asians + est 9/11
34
NM view on OS
Don’t reflect reality, social construction, stereotypes EM’s as more criminal
35
Gilroy - Myth of Black Criminality - NM
> B not more criminal > other groups, but CJS act on racist stereotypes, so + likely to be criminalised
36
Gilroy - EM crime as Political Resistance
> B in UK originate in former british colonies & anti-colonial struggles taught them to resist oppression e.g. riots & demonstrations > When facing racism in UK, they used same means to defend themselves > But political struggle was criminalised by state.
37
Lea & Young - Criticisms of Gilroy
> But 1st gen immigrants were law-abiding, colonial struggle wasn’t passed down, most crime is intra-ethnic > Romanticises crime as revolutionary, but it’s not > A crime rates are - or = as W, seems police are only racist towards B & not A - not true
38
Hall et al - Policing the Crisis (Capitalism causing crime & distraction)
> Eco recession in 70s + unemployment, led to civil unrest e.g. mass strikes > So Capitalism appeared to be failing gov needed a scapegoat to divert attention away from this > Recession leads to further eco marginalization of B youth leading to + in robbery
39
Hall et al - Policing the Crisis (Role of Media)
> Led to new moral panic on robbery by media, done by B youth > Response was to put police in areas w/ + CR lead to + arrests, causing more panic reported by media > So attention is only on black criminality, not problems of capitalism, causing crime in 1st place
40
Downes & Rock - Criticisms of Hall
> Contradictory, claims B crime is exaggerated, but also says it’s bound to rise due to unemployment > If crime rates + it’s not moral panic but a real event
41
General Criticisms of Hall
> Association w/ criminality & B youth continued est eco crisis of 70’s > So unclear this is ultimate cause of moral panic
42
Fitzgerald - Neighbourhood Factors
> Street robberies + in poor areas & when deprived young ppl come into contact w/ affluent groups > Young B were + likely to live in poor areas, but poor W in these areas were also + likely to do street crime > Ethnicities not a cause
43
Waddington et al - Locality Theory
> Some areas + densely populated w/ EM explaining stop & search stats > Also live in areas of transition, where CR are + due to lack of social cohesion
44
Criticisms of Waddington et al
True for 1st gen immigrants but many EM move out of areas of transition after 1/2 gens & assimilate into majority culture.
45
Sharp & Budd - Getting Caught
> B were + likely > W to be arrested, as they’d done crimes where V’s can identify them e.g. robbery > & being + likely to be excluded from school & association w/crimianls raised visibility to police
46
Triple Quandary - Sewell
> Young B boys usually live in LPF, so lack M role model, so join gangs > Negative exp of white culture e.g. school & policing > Media instils desire for status through designer clothing & hyper-masculinity based on violence & sex
47
Criticisms of Sewell
> + of positive black role models > No causality between LPF & criminality
48
Racist Victimisation w/ example
> Individual selected as target, due to race, ethnicity or reg > e.g. racist murder of Stephen Lawerence & Macpherson Report
49
What 2 aspects do CSEW & Police Stats cover?
> Racist Incidents | > >Racially or Reg aggravated offences
50
Racist Incidents
Incident perceived as racist by V
51
Racially or Reg aggravated offences
e.g. Assault by someone motivated by hostility vs race/reg
52
Extent & Risk of Victimisation
> Police recorded 54K racist incidents in UK in 2015, but much is underreported > BCS estimates their were 89K, but only small NO of ppl are prosecuted > EM @ + risk of being V’s of crime
53
Reasons for Diff in Stats for Victimisation
> Also due to being young, M & unemployed > If more of these ppl are in EM = + chance of victimisation
54
Responses to Victimisation
> EM active in responding to victimisation > e.g. fireproof doors, letterboxes, SD campaigns etc > Due to under protection by police e.g. Lawerence case found evidence of incompetence, IR & failure of leadership

Year 13 Sociology 24/25 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions