ethnicity

Question 1

functionalism - cultural differences / failure to assimilate

Answer 1

PATTERSON - ‘host immigrant model’ emphasised importance of culture in explaining racism, Patterson identified three causes of racial discrimination; 1)the hosts fear of social change 2)resentment about having to compete for jobs 3)the failure of ethnic minorities to assimilate. Suggests that culture clashes can occur due to different norms and values of ethnic minority groups (surrounding food, dress etc) – They are seen as ‘alien’ to White British people therefore they are feared. Patterson argues that when/if ethnic minorities assimilate they will not face inequality.

PARSONS - Claims ethnic inequalities are temporary and result from cultural differences, and equality will come once there is assimilation. Ethnic inequalities are temporary and result from cultural differences between immigrants and the host nation. They are temporary and will disappear over time as the immigrant groups adapt and adopt the host culture. Assimilation - When a minority group gives up it’s own culture and values and becomes absorbed into the host culture.

Question 2

New right -

Answer 2

SEWELL - Suggests that black youths are more likely to be in single parent families. (lack of positive role models) Young black Afro Caribbean males follow the ‘hyper masculine’ role models often shown in rap music videos on MTV. This helps them to create a ‘Gangsta’ identity where they achieve status amongst their peer group for wearing the right designer clothes and trainers, through being aggressive and through not working hard at school.
Murray
Supports Sewell’s ideas as blames single mothers
-Form the underclass

Question 3

cultural

Answer 3

MODOOD - found that ⅗ of Bangladeshi women, half of pakistani women, ⅕ of pakistani and bengali men didn’t speak English. South Asian women portrayed as passive victims as they have poorer educational qualifications than the men in their communities. Muslim women tend to prioritise the home and family over work.

Question 4

Marxist - capitalism

Answer 4

COX - There is a distinct relationship between capitalism and racism.
Racism would not have developed if capitalism did not exist.
‘If capitalism had not developed then the world may never have experienced racial prejudice.’ Slavery justified racism and was key to the growth of capitalism

CASTLES AND KOSACK - Racism leads to low paid work for ethnic minorities. Saw ethnic minorities as most disadvantaged and suggests that racism is encouraged by the capitalist class for 3 ideological reasons; 1- to legitimise (racism helps to justify low pay) 2-to divide and rule (if black and white workers were in conflict there is less chance of a revolution) 3- to scapegoat (societal problems such as high crime rates and unemployment)

Question 5

Neo Marxist - capitalism and new racism

Answer 5

LAWRENCE - New racism emerged due to the ruling class reinforcing ideologies. The ruling class created and reinforced new ideologies around the ideas of the ‘British nation’, ‘British peoples’ and British Culture’.
There was high unemployment and economic instability and immigrants came to be viewed as the source of the problem.
The different cultures of the immigrant groups were viewed in a negative way as a threat to British society which was suffering high crime rates and a breaking down of traditional family values.

SOLOMOS ET AL - Ethnic inequalities are linked to capitalism (as traditional Marxists would argue) but also to a variety of other factors such as: economic factors, government policies and the cultures of both ethnic minorities and the white working class. Explored racist attitudes in the 1970s and 1980s and claimed that a ‘New Racism’ had emerged.

Question 6

weberian - status, class and party

Answer 6

BARRON AND NORRIS - Dual labour’ market theory focuses on ethnic inequalities in employment.
There are two types of labour market:
Primary labour market = high pay, high status, job security, good working conditions and favourable promotion prospects.
Secondary labour market = lower paid jobs with less security, inferior working conditions and few opportunities for promotion.

Question 7

Black Feminist - capitalism, racism and patriarchy

Answer 7

BREWER - Black/ ethnic minority women suffer a disadvantage due to their class, race and gender which is known as a ‘triple systems theory

Question 8

Postmodernism - irrelevant / too divided

Answer 8

BURDSEY - Researched second generation footballers and discovered that they ‘code switched’ with their teammates and their family. Conflict between laddish behaviour (drinking, gambling), ‘dual identities’