Ethnic Diversity Flashcards
Name the 4 factors that help to define a person’s ethnic identity
- Race
- Nationality
- Language
- Religion
Define ethnic group
A category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as language, race or nation.
What do these factors do?
Unite similar individuals and exclude those who don’t possess these unifying traits.
How does race classify people?
According to the colour of their skin, visible facial features or hair type
4 major world races:
- Caucasian
- Mongoloid
- Negroid
- Australoid
What is nationality?
A person’s country of origin or ancestral home
How is religion often regarded?
An outward expression of ethnicity
What does religion provide?
A code of behaviour that makes its followers instantly recognisable
What factors influence ethnic identity?
PERCEIVED ETHNIC IDENTITY;
- Age
- Gender
- Residential Concentration
- Role
What does role refer to?
A person’s occupation or role in society
What is residential concentration?
Ethnic minorities often live in clusters with people of similar ethnicity
Examples of Role
- India Caste System
- Belfast Falls Road + Shankill Road
- Black Americans
Examples of Residential Concentration
- Roma population in Holylands
- Bronx; African American population
- Leicester; Asian migrants in Highfields
- Amish in Pennsylvania + Ohio
- Egypt; Coptic Christians living around place of worship
What is the impact of Age?
In some societies older people are given much respect, and many different tribal societies have village or local elders who rule and make decisions for the family group
Examples of Age
- Greece; old age is honoured and celebrated
- Native American elders known for being wise and passing down knowledge
- Korea; younger members of population have duty to care for parents as they age
- China; universities for elderly booming
What is the impact of Gender?
Women remain an under privileged group in many societies
Examples of Language
- NI; members of Sinn Fein deliver speeches in Stormont Assembly in Irish
- Canada; in Quebec they speak French
- Uighur minority in China have different language that is related to Turkish
Examples of Nationality
- NI; British or Irish?
- Rory McIlroy; in Olympics playing for UK or Ireland
Examples of Religion
- GAA
- the Amish in USA
- Uighur minority in China are Muslim
- Muslim religion associated with mosques + Muslim clothing
- Egypt; Coptic Christian minority make up 10% of population whilst 90% are Sunni Muslims
Examples of Gender
- Saudi Arabia; women cannot vote & couldn’t drive until 2018
- Islamic countries; women are restricted - unable to attend school + adhere to strict dress code
- Western society; prejudice in workplace
- Honour killings
- Amish women have traditional role
- Pakistani women
What is a plural society?
One in which there is more than one ethnic group
Plural societies are commonly comprised of 4 groups:
- Indigenous population
- Descendants of European colonists/migrants
- Non-indigenous population brought in by Europeans as cheap labour/slaves
- People of mixed race through inter-marriage
Name the 3 processes that create ethnic diversity
- Colonisation
- Annexation
- International migration
What is colonisation?
Setting up settlements in a new colony
Examples of colonisation
- Dutch + British in South Africa
- Portugese in Brazil
- British brought Indians to Kenya to build railway
What is annexation?
Another political process that means to take possession of a territory beyond the original boundaries of a state
Examples of annexation
- 1938, Nazi Germany marched into Austria and conquered + annexed it
What is international migration?
The long term, permanent movement and resettlement of people on an international scale which creates ethnic diversity.
Examples of international migration
- Europe to Brazil after slavery abolished
- Eastern Europe (Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) to NI
- Ireland to America after potato famine
- UK to Australia
What is the case study for processes that create ethnic diversity?
Britain
2 processes that maintain ethnic diversity
- Segregation
2. Multiculturalism
What is segregation?
All about living separate lives. The physical separation of ethnic groups maintains ethnic diversity because it minimises the opportunities for social interaction.
Examples of segregation
- Belfast; enclaves of ethnic groups e.g. Roma population / different schools
- Apartheid in South Africa
- Peace Wall in Belfast
What is multiculturalism?
A philosophy which promotes multiple cultures in a society (celebrating difference)
Examples of multiculturalism
- Official policy in South Australia + Canada
- Notting Hill Carnival
- Belfast Mela
- Wearing hijab/going to mosque
- Celebrating Chinese New Year
- Speaking your own language
Issues with multiculturalism in Europe:
- Angela Merkel
- State schools in France banned hijab + Christian symbols
3 outcomes of ethnic diversity
- Spatial
- Social
- Economic
Spatial outcomes + examples
> Separation
e.g. in South Africa or Peace Walls in Belfast
Social outcomes + examples
> Separation
e.g. Shopping centres, schools, sports teams
> Conflict
e.g. IRA + UVF, England footballer Raheem
> Integration + Assimilation
e.g. USA; hyphenated ethnic groups, integrated schools in NI
Economic outcomes + examples
> Tourism
e.g. dark tourism, events such as Notting Hill/Belfast Mela
> EAL funding
e.g. English as additional language
> Labour
e.g. contributing taxes + strengthening workforce
What is the case study for processes that maintain + the outcomes of ethnic diversity?
Belfast
Name the 6 causes of ethnic conflict
- Territorial disputes
- Historical animosities
- Racism and sectarianism
- Cultural conflicts
- Human rights abuses
- Discrimination
Why do territorial disputes arise?
They can arise over who is to control land for its resources or its strategic value. It can arise as the result of the occupation of territory by another state.
Examples of territorial disputes;
- Israel + Syria over Golan Heights (water)
- Border conflicts between Sudan and South Sudan (oil)
- NI (Union vs. Division of Ireland)
What are historical animosities?
Disputes between ethnic groups often last for generations and even after the conflict is over can keep the potential for future conflict to the fore.
Once there is mutual distrust it is very difficult to lose this.
Example of historical animosities;
NI:
HAs between Catholics + Protestants
- 12th July
- Protestants = sign of British identity
- Riots e.g. Ardoyne
- Parades Commission
What is racism + sectarianism?
Prejudice against one section of society on
- racial grounds = racism
- religious grounds = sectarianism
Examples of racism + sectarianism;
- Israel
- Holocaust
- Africa
- South Africa
- NI
Examples of cultural conflicts;
- Fundamentalist Muslims enraged with USA over military bases in Saudi Arabia
led to terrorist attacks e.g. New York (2001), London (2005)
- Arranged marriages / honour killings
What conventions/codes have been drawn up to safeguard human rights?
- Geneva Conventions
- International Committee of the Red Cross
What is genocide + examples;
Genocide = where a government has attempted to kill an entire ethnic group
E.g.
> Rwanda, 1994
> Iraq, 2016
Examples of discrimination that has lead to conflict;
> South African apartheid system
Zimbabwe
NI : government districts when NI was first created
Sri Lanka
Nature of ethnic conflict (3);
- Civil disobedience
- Civil war
- Terrorism
What is civil disobedience + examples:
The active refusal to obey certain laws of the land in non-violent confrontation and protest over ethnic discrimination
E.g. Rosa Parks or hunger strikers
What is civil war + examples:
This is where there are clearly identified armed forces within the country who are actively engaged in armed conflict with each other
E.g. in Balkans during late 1990s which led to break up of former Yugoslavia
What is terrorism + examples:
This involves armed conflict but the terrorist is a member of an illegal guerrilla organisation which operates within the community, often in pursuit of an ideological god
E.g. United Ireland for the IRA
Withdrawal of western influence from Islamic States for Al-Qaeda
What are the outcomes/responses of ethnic conflict?
- Economic & social outcomes
- Territorial division
- Ethnic cleansing
- Autonomy
- International intervention
- Peace processes
What are the economic outcomes?
> loss of property & businesses through bombing
negative image presented to investors
tourist numbers decline
What are the social outcomes?
> communities become more segregated and polarised
loss of life and injury
people may be forced to flee from homes in search of safety
What is territorial division + example?
> if the protesting groups have clearly defined territorial boundaries it may be that territorial division is considered
> e.g. in Ireland : 26-county ROI and NI= part of UK
What is ethnic cleansing + examples?
> the whole scale removal of a group from an area
> e.g. Rwanda genocide, 1994
Myanmar genocide, 2017
What is autonomy + examples?
> territorial division can result in a region gaining some degree of political control (autonomy) while remaining an integral part of the ruling country
e. g.
- Sri Lanka
- NI
What is international intervention?
Sometimes the international community becomes involved in foreign conflict to minimise conflict and bring peace
What are the reasons for international intervention?
- Moral concern
- Political or Historical links
- Security reasons
4 Strategic reasons
What are peace processes?
They attempt to find some areas of common ground between the opposing factions and set out a programme of measures that will address some of the areas of contention on both sides.
Examples of unsuccessful + successful peace processes:
UNSUCCESSFUL
= Abidjan Peace Agreement
SUCCESSFUL
= NI Good Friday Agreement
What is the case study for ethnic conflict?
Sri Lanka
- causes
- nature
- outcomes
