Ethnic Differences in Achievement

Question 1

Cultural Deprivation - intellectual and linguistic skills

Answer 1

Bereiter & Engelmann consider the language spoken by low-income black American families as inadequate for educational success.

Question 2

Criticism of Bereiter & Engelmann

Answer 2

Gillborn & Mirza (2000) note that Indian pupils do very well despite often not having English as their home language.

Question 3

Cultural Deprivation - Attitudes and Values

Answer 3

Cultural deprivation theorists see lack of motivation as a major cause of the failure of many black children as they are not socialized into a mainstream culture.

Question 4

Cultural Deprivation - Moynihan

Answer 4

He argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, and the lack of fathers’ absence means males lack an adequate role model of male achievement being they a deprived.

Question 5

New right - Cultural Deprivation

Answer 5

Murray (1984) argues that a high rate of lone parenthood and a lack of positive male role models leads to the underachievement of some minorities

Question 6

Pryce - Cultural Deprivation ( family structure)

Answer 6

Pryce argues that family structure contributes to the underachievement of black, he claims that Asians are higher achievers because their culture is more resistant to racism giving them are greater sense of self-worth, meaning black pupils mat have low self-esteem.

Criticism
Lawrence (1982) argues that black pupils under-achieve not because of low self-esteem, but because of racism.

Question 7

Sewell: Fathers, Gangs, Culture

Answer 7

Sewell (2009) argues that a lack of ‘tough love’ of a father results in black boys finding it hard to overcome the emotional and behavioral difficulties of adolescence.

Question 8

Arnot (2004)

Answer 8

Argues that a lack of a nurturing father leaves black boys with a media-inspired role model of anti-school black masculinity, of ‘ the ultra-tough ghetto superstar, an image constantly reinforced through rap lyrics and MTV videos’

Question 9

Asian Families

Answer 9

Lupton (2004) argues that adult authority in Asian families is similar to the role models at school.

Question 10

Multicultural education

Answer 10

a policy that recognises and values minority cultures and includes them in the curriculum

Question 11

Anti-racist education

Answer 11

a policy that challenges the prejudice and discrimination that exists in schools and wider society

Question 12

Material Deprivation - Palmer

Answer 12

. Ethnic minorities were almost twice as likely to be unemployed compared with whites

. Ethnic minority households were around three times as likely to be homeless

Question 13

Material Deprivation - Modood

Answer 13

found that while children from low-income families generally did less well, the effects of low income were much less for other ethnic groups than for white pupils.

Question 14

Racism in Wider Society - Rex

Answer 14

Rex (1986) shows how racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities.

Question 15

Racialised Expectations

Answer 15

Gillborn & Youdell (2000) they found that teachers were quicker to discipline black pupils than others for the same behaviour.

Question 16

Bourne (1994)

Answer 16

Bourne found that schools tend to see black boys as a threat and label them negatively, leading eventually to exclusion.

Question 17

Black pupils & Streaming

Answer 17

Foster (1990) found that teachers’ stereotypes of black pupils as badly behaved could result in them being placed in lower sets than other pupils of similar abilities

Question 18

Wright ( Asian pupils)

Answer 18

Ethnocentric views

Question 19

Archer (2008)

Answer 19

Ideal pupil Identity, Pathologised pupil identity, demonized pupil identity

Question 20

Archer & Francis (2007)

Answer 20

negative positive sterotype

Question 21

Troyna & Williams (1986)

Answer 21

Individual Racism that results from the prejudiced views of individual teachers and others

Question 22

Troyna and Williams (1986)

Answer 22

Institutional Racism discrimination is built into the way institutions such as schools and colleges operate.

Question 23

Gillborn (2008) locked-in inequality

Answer 23

Applies the concept of locked-in inequality to education. He sees ethnic inequality as ‘ so deep-rooted and so large that it is a practically inevitable feature of the educational system

Question 24

Coard

Answer 24

The ethnocentric curriculum produces underachievement, for example, in history the British may be presented as bringing civilization to the people they colonized which undermines the black children’s self-esteem.