ethnic differences in achievement

Question 1

external: linguistic skills
Bereiter and Engelmann

Answer 1

some people speak a different language and some pupils speak an informal version of English. the black Caribbean language is ungrammatical and disjointed, which means they cannot convey abstract ideas

Question 2

external: family structure
Moynihan

Answer 2

there are higher rates of lone-parent families in black ethnicities. Moynihan found that many black families are headed by a lone mother, leading to lower achievement of black boys due to how they do not have a male role model

Question 3

external: attitudes and values

Answer 3

some sociologists argue that some black pupils have a fatalistic outlook on life, meaning they want immediate gratification and have limited motivation to achieve in the long term

Question 4

external: material deprivation

Answer 4

many minority ethnic groups are victims of racism in wider society, subsequently they face direct or indirect discrimination at work or in the housing market, and in turn, they may be in low paid jobs or unemployed. this impacts upon the children’s educational opportunities

Question 5

internal: labelling
Gillborn and Youdell

Answer 5

found that teachers had racialised expectations of black pupils and expected more discipline problems and saw their behaviour as threatening. black pupils were more likely than others to be punished for the same behaviour as white pupils

Question 6

internal: labelling
Fuller

Answer 6

found that high achieving black girls maintained a positive a positive self-image by rejecting teachers stereotypes. they did not seek teacher approval but valued education

Question 7

internal: labelling
Mirza

Answer 7

found that black girls’ strategies for dealing with teacher racism still disadvantaged them. for instance, they would not ask for help

Question 8

internal: labelling
Wright

Answer 8

Asian primary school pupils were stereotyped and treated differently. teachers used simple language because they assumed they would speak poor English and became frustrated when pupils pronounced their names incorrectly

Question 9

internal: pupil subcultures
Sewell

Answer 9

black boys developed a range of responses to teachers racist labelling:
- conformists: keen to succeed, accepted the school’s goals
- innovators: pro-education, but anti-school. valued success, but not teachers approval
- retreatists: disconnected from the school and black subcultures outside of it
- rebels: rejected the school’s goals and conformed to the stereotype if the ‘black macho lad’

Question 10

internal: the ethnocentric curriculum
Troyna and Williams

Answer 10

state that the British curriculum prioritises white culture and the English language, for example through holidays in line with the Christian calendar, and a focus on white leaders in history