Ethnic and identities Flashcards
Identity
What does it refer to?
what does it influence?
Refers to a sense of self
It influences how individuals view themselves and how others view them
Identities are formed around belonging to different groups in society and are encouraged by agents of socialisation
Ethnic identity
What two backgrounds are ethnic identities based around?
Examples of what different backgrounds include
Refers to identities based around peoples ethnic and cultural background
This includes things such as religion, language, country of origin, customs, beliefs, norms, values, food dress and music
Nationality
What does it refer to society as?
How is nationality represented?
Refers to a sense of nation as a cohesive whole which is represented by distinctive traditions, culture and language
Cashmore and Troyna
Which families came to settle in the Uk? what periods?
what did their migration impact?
what did immigrants face? from who?
which areas of society were they discriminated against?
What was their response?
what does this mean?
What did tthis response allow migrants to do?
The first African Caribbean, Indian and Pakistani families who came to settle in the UK in the 1950s and 60s, their migration had a powerful impact on their identities
Immigrants faced open hostility and racism from White British people and faced discrimination in areas like housing,education and the workplace.
Response: turned inwards
- created their own communities-same ethnic background
- Own places of worship
- Indian and Pakistani migrants set up their own temples and mosques
- Afro Caribbean migrants set up Penecostal churches (own version of Christianity)
- Set up own shops and businesses like restaurants and hairdressers
Strengthened and asserted their ethnic identities instead of adopting a white British ethnic identity
Ethnic and cultual resistance
Hebdige
Which religion?
What did young Jamaican migrants in the UK adopt this religion as?
characteristics?
Rastafarianism
Although it is seen as a religion in Jamaica, young Jamaican migrants in the UK adopted this a a type of subculture
They wore dreadlockes, the colours green, red and gold as well as smoked cannabis
This alternative style was unique to them and something the White youths were not a part of
By adopting this cultural style they were able to resist racism
Ghuman identity? What things plated a significant role in the upbringing of the second generation of Asians in the UK? Where are Asian children socialised? with emphasis on? (4)
Researched British Asain identities
Ghuman found that tradition, religion and family values played a significant role in the upbringing of the second generation of Asians in the UK and that Asian children were socialised within the family with emphasis on duty, loyalty, honour and religious commitment
taught mother language like Hindi as well as English
Parents choose marriage partners
Anwar Which agent of socialisation? conflicts around? (3) What is the younger generation more likely to interact with at school? what can this influence? What can this cause at home? why? link to parents/values
Family can be a source of conflict for some Asain children in terms of western clothes, arranged marriage and freedom
As the younger generation is more likely to mix with others in school with different cultural values it can influence their identities
This can cause a culture clash, as parents who are of the first generation hold values such as honour and reputation whereas their children may not have the same views due to interacting with other people from different cultural backgrounds
Driver and Ballad
what agent of socialisation?
what do Indian families place a great value on?
what do they push their children to have?
where is this reflected?
what may this lead to Indian pupils?
Education
Argue that Indian families place a great value on their child’s education, they push their children to have high ambitions and gain the best possible grades. This is reflected through GCSE results where it is evident that Indian students perform better than black and white students. Doing better in education may lead Indian pupils to go into certain types of careers
Archer and Francis
What factor is important when explaining the success of British Chinese students?
What is a part of British chinese students identities?
What do Chinese boys still maintain even when engaging in laddish behaviour?
What do Chinses parents play a significant role in? How do they do tis?
Who are Chinese parents critical of?
Cultural factors are important in explaining the success of British Chinese students
Educational success is a part of their identity
When engaging in laddish behaviour Chinese boys still maintain a commitment to school
Chinese parents play a significant role in developing their children academic success by continually discussing with their child about future education and investing time/money into their child’s education even if they have little money
Chinese parents push their children to succeed in education and are critical of white British parents who they view as allowing failure to develop
Coard
Agent of socialisation?
what dominates the British national curriculum?
what are teachers dismissive of?
what is devalued?
What is the British national curriculum according to Coard?
The education curriculum is institutionally racist as it only focuses on one cultural view point and ignores others
White history and white literature dominate the curriculum
Teachers are dismissive of non standard English
culture is devalued
The British national curriculum is ethnocentric
Gillborn
States that teacher are? against who?
What is this group seen as? what does this lead to?
What happens as a result? what can this lead to? what does this mean?
Teachers are institutionally racist towrads black boys
Black males are seen as a threat and therefore negatively stereotyped and labelled
As a result they are less likely to be placed into higher tier for GCSE which could lead to self fufilling properhcies- not being placed into top sets may give the idea that less effort is required as it is not expected for the student to get a high mark, making it less likley for the student to go into higher education which ultimately impacts their future career
The media
How are ethnic identities created and reinforced?
who does Alexander state that Asains in East London are targeted by?
Myth of…
How was this myth created by the media? (clashes between)
May create and reinforce ethnic identities through stereotypical portrayals of ethnic minorities
Alexander argues that Asain youths in East London have been unfairly targeted by police and the media
‘myth of the Asain gang’- created by the media through exaggerating violent clashes between black and Asian gangs.
Asian boys criminalised due to Islamaphobia
Sewell
Which two agents of socialisation have the most influence on the identities of black Afro Caribbean boys? What does not and why?
Statistics?
What led to alternative role models?
What did these role models promote?(4)
examples?
What do the boys imitate?
What does showcasing these behaviour increase for the boys?
what do the boys seek due to fragmented families? What is this referred to as?
Black Afro caribbean boys
media and the peer group have the strongest influence on their identities and family has less of an influence due to them growing up in single parent families
in 2006, 57% of afro Caribbean families were with single parents compared to only 25% of white families
Lack of male role models leads to alternative role models in the media and peer group eg rappers on MTV who promote violence, getting rich quick, objectification of women and importance of consumer culture
Example
50 cents ‘Get money’ video
boys imitate hypermasculine roles which is reinforced by the peer group as demonstrating these behaviours increases status
cultural comfort zones- seeking comfort with those in the same background due to fragmented families
Postmodernists What is the contemporary UK becoming? Les Back- studied? What did black, Asian and white youths share? (3) What is this evidence for? Why? terms? (2)
Contemporary UK is becoming more multicultural
Les back- studied two council estates in Soth London
Found that black, white and Asian youths shared music, fashion and spoke the same slang- evidence of hybrid identities as youths were sharing the same culture instead of separate ones
Trying new ‘cultural masks’ through ‘cultural borrowing’
Gill
conducted a survey with which group?
what was found?
what does this mean?
Conducted a survey of British Asian students
Found that majority identified as Blasian- adopted black styles of dress ad language combining it with there asian culture
Listened to black music and had friendships including black youths
