ETHICS (PRELIMS) Flashcards
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What is the definition of culture in relation to moral behavior?
Culture describes a collective way of life, including attitudes, values, goals, and practices shared by individuals in a group, organization, or society.
How does culture influence moral behavior?
It reflects the moral and ethical beliefs and standards that dictate how people should behave and interact with others.
What are cultural norms?
Cultural norms are shared, sanctioned, and integrated systems of beliefs and practices that characterize a cultural group.
What role do cultural norms play in daily living?
They cultivate reliable guidelines for daily living, contributing to the health and well-being of a culture.
What is the process through which culture is learned?
Culture is learned as children grow up in society and discover how their parents and others interpret the world.
What is cultural relativism?
Cultural relativism is the ability to understand a culture on its own terms without making judgments using the standards of one’s own culture.
What is the difference between descriptive and normative ethical relativism?
Descriptive ethical relativism describes the fact that moral customs and principles vary across cultures, while normative ethical relativism claims there are no universally valid moral principles.
What is an example of a moral behavior considered acceptable in one culture but immoral in another?
Eating beef is moral in the USA but considered immoral in India.
List the six basic Filipino values.
- Pakikisama
- Hiya
- Amor Proprio
- Utang na Loob
- Hospitality
- Respect for Elders
What does ‘pakikisama’ mean?
Pakikisama means going along with others and maintaining good public relations.
What is the significance of ‘hiya’ in Filipino culture?
Hiya is the feeling of lowliness, shame, or embarrassment, related to the concern of how one appears in the eyes of others.
Define ‘amor propio’ in the context of Filipino values.
Amor propio refers to self-respect or self-esteem and is characterized by sensitivity to criticism and a strong sense of dignity.
What does ‘utang na loob’ represent in Filipino culture?
Utang na loob refers to the obligation and responsibility viewed in terms of reciprocity, balancing debts and favors.
How do Filipinos express hospitality?
Filipinos express hospitality through warm welcomes and generous accommodations for their guests.
What is the cultural importance of respect for elders in Filipino society?
Respect for elders involves using polite language and gestures, and it emphasizes dependence and obedience to parental and elder authority.
Fill in the blank: Cultural norms provide a means of achieving a sense of _______.
[integrity, safety, and belonging]
True or False: Cultural relativism suggests that all moral principles are universally valid.
False
What is the foundation of morality?
Ethics works as a guiding principle to decide what is good or bad. They are the standards which govern the life of a person.
What is a human act?
An act which proceeds from the deliberate free will of man.
Define acts of man.
Actions performed without the intervention of intellect and free will.
What are elicited acts?
Human acts that begin and are perfected in the will itself.
What does ‘wish’ refer to in the classification of human acts?
The simple love of anything.
What is the difference between commanded acts and elicited acts?
Commanded acts are perfected by other faculties under the control of the will, whereas elicited acts begin and end in the will itself.
What are the constituents of human acts?
- Must be knowing and deliberate act
- Must be free
- Is a voluntary act
What does it mean for a human act to be free?
A human act is determined by the will and by nothing else.
Fill in the blank: A voluntary act is defined as the act which proceeds from an intrinsic principle with knowledge of the _______.
end
True or False: All spontaneous biological processes are considered human acts.
False
What is the role of reason in determining the morality of human acts?
Human acts are good when they are in harmony with the dictates of right reason, evil when opposite, and indifferent when there is no positive relation.
What is the importance of deliberation in human acts?
Deliberation means knowledge and awareness of the conditions and implications of one’s action.
What does freedom mean in the context of ethics?
The power to choose between two or more courses of action without being forced by anything except our own will.
What does true liberty do for a person?
Dignifies man.
Fill in the blank: The abuse of freedom is the origin of man’s _______.
guilty conduct
What is responsibility derived from?
Response and Ability.
What is the personal aspect of morality?
The development of virtues to think, act, and choose morally.
What is the relationship between freedom and morality?
Morality requires and allows choice, which means the right to choose even differently from others.
What does authentic freedom entail?
Acting on the four basic ethical principles: being true, good, just, and loving.
What are the implications of unbalanced freedom?
It is dangerous, especially when it controls a social group, leading to injustices.
What is the significance of knowledge in voluntary acts?
A voluntary act proceeds from the will and depends upon the will, with knowledge of the end.
What is the difference between internal and external commanded acts?
Internal acts are done by mental powers under the command of the will; external acts are effected by bodily powers under the command of the will.
What does it mean for a human act to be knowing?
It involves awareness or consciousness of what one is about and the implications of one’s action.
What is a moral dilemma?
A moral dilemma, also called ethical dilemmas, is a situation where a difficult choice must be made between two courses of action, either of which entails transgressing a moral principle.
What are the key features of a moral dilemma?
- The agent must be faced with a choice or the need to make a decision.
- The agent must have more than one course of action available.
- The agent recognizes that all available courses of action require them to compromise on some personally held ethical standard or value.
List the three levels of moral dilemmas.
- Individual
- Organizational
- Systemic
What is an individual moral dilemma?
Moral dilemmas experienced and resolved on the personal level.
Provide an example of an individual moral dilemma.
A husband choosing between his pregnant wife with cancer and his child inside the womb.
What is an organizational moral dilemma?
Ethical cases encountered and resolved by social organizations, including moral dilemmas in business, medical field, and public sector.
Give an example of an organizational moral dilemma.
Government leaders and employees have a moral duty to act in a manner that is fair and unbiased.
What is a systemic moral dilemma?
Cases involving a network of institutions and operative theoretical paradigms, usually encompassing multi-sectoral institutions and organizations.
Provide an example of a systemic moral dilemma.
The prices of medicine in the Philippines which are higher compared to other countries in Asia and in countries of similar economic status.
Fill in the blank: A dilemma refers to a situation in which a tough choice has to be made between _______.
two or more options, especially more or less equally undesirable ones.
What is the purpose of prayer before study according to St. Thomas?
To seek understanding, retentive memory, and the ability to express oneself thoroughly and charmingly.
True or False: All dilemmas are moral dilemmas.
False
What are the components of reporting a moral dilemma?
- What is the problem (Moral Dilemma)
- Who are the people involved
- What are the possibilities
- What are your priorities
- Give some ethical solutions
List the dilemmas in the group activity.
- The Trapped Mining Crew
- The Runaway Trolley
- The Hostage Ecologists
- The Submarine Crew
- The Drowning Children
- The Incriminating Email
