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Medical Ethics Midterm > Ethics Midterm > Flashcards

Ethics Midterm Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what’s ethics

A

how a person should behave (knowing)

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2
Q

what’s morality

A

value of human being (doing)

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3
Q

aim of ethics

A

to be good / act well in your profession

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4
Q

what are the ethical claims

A
  • descriptive / empirical
  • normative / prescriptive / evaluate
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5
Q

define descriptive / empirical claim

A

how the world is

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6
Q

define normative / prescriptive / evaluate claim

A

how the world should be

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7
Q

describe personal ethics

A

ethical values for situations in every day life

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8
Q

describe professional ethics

A

rules / guidelines used for professional life

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9
Q

describe ethical reasoning

A

the ability to identify, asses, and develop ethical arguments from a variety of ethical positions

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10
Q

describe ethical argument

A

an argument based on ethical theories

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11
Q

how to develop an ethical argument

A

Duty & Right (taking correct actions)
Character & Relationship (being good people)
Consequences (predicting best possible outcomes)

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12
Q

how to decide what’s ethical

A

obedience (compliance)
Imitation (copying)
Feeling / Desire (presentment)
Intuition (instinct)
Habit (practice)

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13
Q

Core values in medicine & medical ethics

A

Compassion (concern fro patient’s condition and distress)
Competence (scientific, technical, cultural, ethical abilities)
Autonomy / Self-determination (individual and collective devision-making procedures)

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14
Q

Ethical code in medicine

A
  • help resolve disputes
  • adhere to professional duty & maintain a clear conscience
  • identify and ethical challenge and not make self look uninformed
  • maintain patient respect
  • maintain respectful relationships with coworkers
  • maintain efficiency in decision making and care process
  • reduce burnout
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15
Q

what happens in absence of ethics

A
  • ethical violations
  • medical errors
  • patient feels their dignity isn’t repeated (they aren’t hear)
  • lack of trust in doctor-patient relationship and the medical profession
  • lack of adherence to treatment
  • conflict of interest
  • causing physical / emotional / financial / injury to patient through inappropriate behaviour
  • doctors withholding / promoting treatments to meet personal or institutional interest
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16
Q

modern issues in bioethics

A
  • designer babies
  • dna banks
  • genetic modification and agricultural activity
  • human genome and associated challenges
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17
Q

3 ethical theories

A
  • consequentialism (includes utilitarianism)
  • deontology
  • virtue ethics
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18
Q

what’s consequentialism

A

best end results

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19
Q

cons of consequentialism

A
  • difficulties to predict end result
  • difficulty in measuring and comparing the “goodness” of consequences
  • choosing different time periods may produce different consequences
  • ignores things we regard as ethically relevant
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20
Q

what’s utilitarianism

A

best end result for most people

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21
Q

decision making method to utilitarianism

A
  • identify different actions
  • determine benefits / risks of actions
  • choose that w/ most benefits
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22
Q

types of utilitarianism

A
  • act
  • rule
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23
Q

act utilitarianism

A

principles of utility used to guide actions

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24
Q

rule utilitarianism

A

principle of utility used to make rules which in turn guide actions

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25
Q

Utility & welfare maximisation

A

providing max amount of wellbeing for the most amount of people

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26
Q

cons of utilitarianism

A
  • difficult to know with certainty whether the consequences of our actions will be good or bad
  • requires assigning values to the benefits / harms resulting from our actions
  • severe limitations accounting for values such as justice and individual rights
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27
Q

what’s deontology

A

correct action if it follows the rules

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28
Q

cons of deontology

A
  • 1 set of rules not suitable for all cases
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29
Q

pros of deontology

A
  • simple to apply (=following rules)
  • fits well with our natural intuition
  • doesn’t require weighing benefits –> avoids subjectivity and uncertainty
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30
Q

types of deontology

A
  • hypothetical imperative
  • categorical imperative
31
Q

what’s hypothetical imperative

A

do this in order to get that

32
Q

what’s categorical imperative

A

do this!

33
Q

define virtue ethics

A

taking certain person’s behaviour as an indication of their character

34
Q

4 cardinal virtues

A
  • Prudence
  • Justice
  • Fortitude
  • Temperance
35
Q

what’s prudence

A

right reason applied to action
–> take counsel , judge , command

36
Q

what’s justice

A

treat equals equally

37
Q

what’s fortitude

A

moral courage to make right decision

38
Q

what’s temperance

A

all decision made free from self-interest

39
Q

distinctive focus of virtue ethics

A
  • considering character
  • right acts for right reason
  • golden mean (whatever is moderate is right)
40
Q

parameters of an ethical act

A
  • self (are you ready to accept yourself)
  • universalisability (I you can universalise and act and its still right, then its ethical)
  • means (people are equal and deserve equal treatment and respect)
41
Q

Rule based ethical theory in medical practice

A
  • doctor attends to each patient w/ same set of rules
  • rules which are set before consultation and aren’t permitted to be broken
  • the moral acts of the doctors are to judged in terms of their conformity to rules, duties or obligations
42
Q

determination of healthcare allocation

A
  • QALYs
  • DALYs
43
Q

QALYs

A

generic measure of disease burden, including both quality and quantity of life live

44
Q

DALYs

A

measure of disease burden, expressed as the cumulative number of years lost due to ill-health / disability

45
Q

Gnome

A

to wit/ judge what departure from common rules is called upon (moral intelligence)

46
Q

What’s dignity

A

basic values of human beings entitling them to respect
- being treated like somebody

47
Q

what does dignity include

A
  • respect
  • privacy
  • autonomy
  • self-worth
48
Q

when is dignity at risk

A
  • sickness
  • decline / toward death
  • disability
  • lack of capacity
  • elderly
  • childhood
  • prison
49
Q

4 principles of healthcare ethics

A
  • Autonomy
  • Beneficience
  • Non-maleficience
  • Justice
50
Q

what’s autonomy

A

self-rule (patient decides treatment)

51
Q

what does autonomy depend on

A
  • capacity
  • necessity
  • risk to others
52
Q

what’s beneficence

A

doing good for patients

53
Q

what’s non-maleficence

A

avoid harm

54
Q

what’s justice

A

treat equals equally

55
Q

what are human rights

A

respect for the person and their dignity
–> human right and moral rights are complementary

56
Q

what are physicians’ legal rights

A

doctor’s duties and obligations towards protecting citizens

57
Q

what’s a clinical ethics committee comprised of

A
  • admin.
  • legal members
  • medical ethics academics
  • religious rep.
  • lay members
58
Q

structured case analysis model

A
  • summarise case
  • state moral dilemmas
  • state assumptions being made / to be made
  • analyse case w/ reference to
    - ethical principles
    - consequences
    - professional codes
    - the law
  • acknowledge justifiable ethical solutions and those that aren’t justifiable
  • state preferred approach w/ explanation
59
Q

what’s consent

A

voluntary agreement
–> respects patient’s autonomy (primacy of consent)

60
Q

what happens if patient is unconscious

A
  • seek rep
    –> if rep isn’t present and emergency, presume consent given
61
Q

main idea of WMA Dec. on patient rights

A
  • right to self- determination (autonomy)
  • consent
  • patient rights
62
Q

3 requirements for valid consent

A
  • competence
  • voluntariness
  • information
63
Q

information

A
  • procedures
  • alternative (other treatment options)
  • risks / benefits
  • questions
  • diagnosis
  • prognosis
  • uncertainties
  • purpose of treatment
  • bills
  • conflict of interest
64
Q

consent = continuous

A

can change mind (must be repeatedly gained)

65
Q

types of consent

A
  • explicit (actively given)
  • implied (reasonably inferred but not directly expressed)
66
Q

respecting patient’s autonomy

A
  • preconditions
  • information
  • consent
67
Q

preconditions

A

competence / ability to understand and decide
–> voluntariness in deciding

68
Q

information

A
  • disclosure of info.
  • rec. of a plan
  • understanding of info. and plan
69
Q

consent

A
  • decision (in favour of plan)
  • authorisation (of chosen plan)
70
Q

exceptions to requirements of informed consent

A
  • patient voluntarily passes authority to physician
  • disclosure of info. causing harm to patient
71
Q

what’s capacity

A

ability to give permission to have treatment or to withhold permission and refuse treatment

72
Q

what does capacity comprise of

A
  • understand (info. relevan to decision)
  • retain (info.)
  • use (decision making process)
  • communicate (decision)
73
Q

what happens if patient isn’t capacitous

A
  • proxy-decision maker
  • advance decisions (living wills)
74
Q

mental capacity act

A
  • adults have rights to own decision
  • everyone’s encouraged to own decisions
  • right to make unwise decisions
  • proxy = best decision for patient
  • proxy doesn’t affect patient’s freedom

Medical Ethics Midterm (1 decks)

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