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Computer Science > Ethics, Legal, Cultural and Environmental Concerns > Flashcards

Ethics, Legal, Cultural and Environmental Concerns Flashcards

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1
Q

What is open source software?

A

Provides access to the source code that was used to create it
Anyone can view, modify or distribute the source code
Any derivatives of the work must also be made ‘open’ to others with the source code

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2
Q

Advantages of open source software

A
  • It is usually free.
  • Open source software is maintained by a large community of developers
  • Open source software encourages collaboration.
  • Open source software is more organic - it changes over time as developers modify source code
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3
Q

Disadvantages of open source software

A
  • Open source software usually provides no warranty or guarantee.
  • Smaller projects may not receive regular updates.
  • Official customer support may not be available.
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4
Q

Advantages of Proprietary Software

A
  • Comes with a warranty or guarantee.
  • Often has customer support
  • There are regular updates available
  • Should be thoroughly tested and reliable.
  • Is usually easier to install and use for the average user.
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5
Q

Disadvantages of proprietary software

A
  • Source code is not available, so cannot be fixed or modified by users.
  • Is typically off-the-shelf and not custom made - might not do exactly what you want it to do
  • Licences are commonly limited by the number of users
  • Proprietary software can be expensive.
  • Proprietary software’s older versions may not be maintained.
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6
Q

What is proprietary software?

A

It is created and sold by companies in the form of a licence.
It is the most commonly used software by the public

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7
Q

What is freeware?

A

It is free, but will require a licence, commonly restricting its use and distribution. User does not get access to the source code.

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8
Q

What is a software licence?

A

It is a contract between the user and the developer or owner that grants permission to use software under given conditions

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9
Q

What are the areas of legislation?

A

Data Protection Act
Computer Misuse Act
Copyright, Designs and Patterns
Software licences (open source and proprietary)

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10
Q

What is the Data Protection Act?

A

It is about looking after the personal data of people

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11
Q

What Data Protection Act covers:

A 
States data must be:
• fairly and lawfully processed
• used for specific purposes only
• adequate, relevant and not excessive
• accurate and up-to-date
• not be kept longer than necessary
• kept secure
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12
Q

What is the Computer Misuse Act?

A

Makes unauthorised access to programs or data (hacking) and cybercrime illegal

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13
Q

What offences does Computer Misuse Act recognise?

A
  • Unauthorised access to computer material
  • Unauthorised access with intent to commit or facilitate a crime
  • Unauthorised modification of software or data
  • Making, supplying or obtaining anything which can be used in computer misuse offences (e.g. production and distribution of malware)
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14
Q

What is the Copyright, Designs and Patterns Act?

A

It is designed to protect the work of companies and individuals from being illegally used, copied or distributed

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15
Q

Unauthorised modification includes:

A
  • Deleting another user’s files
  • Changing the content of documents
  • Altering the content of web pages
  • Rewriting computer programs to remove activation keys
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16
Q

Patents cover?

A

inventions

17
Q

Copyright protects?

A

books, video, music and software

18
Q

How can a business or individual prevent their work from being copied?

A
  • Licence keys, activation keys and serial numbers
  • Holograms on physical products to show they are genuine
  • Online registration or activation will prevent the software from working if a licence has not been purchased
19
Q

Why are companies using software in the cloud?

A
  • It is harder to copy
  • The software is accessible only within the company’s servers
  • The user views the output of the software through their web browser
20
Q

Copyright or trademark infringement can result in:

A
  • Fines

* Up to 10 years in prison

21
Q

What are cookies?

A

files, often including unique identifiers, that are sent by web servers to web browsers, and which then may be sent back to servers each time the browser requests a page from the server

22
Q

What are the ways to reduce the impact of e-waste?

A
  • Make devices that can be fixed with modular components
  • Use removable batteries
  • Use modern recycling facilities
23
Q

Ethical issues stemming from digital technology:

A
  • Provides access to illegal or inappropriate content
  • Safety decisions and judgements made by machines (ie self-driving cars)
  • Social platforms or media that enable cyberbullying, sexting or trolling
  • Social pressure to be online and purchase the latest technology
  • Digital divide (not everyone can purchase the latest devices)
  • The ‘right’ level of censorship and monitoring of computer usage and viewable content (managed by parents, companies or nations)
24
Q

Cultural issues stemming from digital technology:

A
  • The ‘always on’ culture and an increase in the reliance on computers in the workplace (is leading to an increase in eyestrain & RSI from prolonged use of screens)
  • more people are spending time consuming media than sleeping
25
Q

Examples of ethical impacts:

A

• AI recognising people through CCTV
can lead to discrimination against that person or limit their access to buildings and facilities due to a prior criminal record

26
Q

Examples of legal impacts:

A
  • More evidence can be gathered in legal cases through social media in the form of pictures, texts, videos, location information etc
  • However, hackers can easily gain access to this information, so the evidence often requires authentication
27
Q

Privacy issues stemming from digital devices:

A
  • The ability of websites to track users using their IP address
  • Social media activity and information being used for things we didn’t consider at the time of use
  • threats such as viruses, phishing and pharming can be used to acquire personal data without authority
28
Q

Legal issues stemming from digital technology:

A
  • The need to keep personal data safe
  • The need to protect computers from hackers
  • The ability to protect digital media from being illegally copied
29
Q

Environmental issues stemming from digital devices:

A
  • Increase in e-waste and landfill can in-turn leach toxins into the ground, water or air
  • Increasing need of raw materials and rare earth metals have scarred the land through mining (which also requires significant energy)
  • Planned obsolescence by manufacturers means devices have an intentionally limited lifespan and need to be replaced
30
Q

How can companies protect data?

A 
Using:
• Firewalls
• Anti-virus software
• Passwords
• Encryption

Computer Science (6 decks)

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