Ethics in Biotechnology Flashcards
What is preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)?
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a technique used to test embryos for genetic conditions before implantation into the uterus. It is typically performed at the eight-cell stage of embryo development and is used when there is a risk that one or both parents carry disease-causing mutations.
What is the purpose of preimplantation tissue typing?
Preimplantation tissue typing is used to match the tissue of embryos with that of an existing sick child to create a ‘saviour sibling.’ This allows for the potential use of stem cells from the donor child’s umbilical cord to treat the sick sibling.
What are two positive aspects of PGD?
- PGD allows parents to select embryos free of specific genetic mutations, reducing the risk of genetic diseases in their children.
- It enables sex selection to avoid passing on gender-associated medical conditions.
What are two negative aspects of PGD?
- PGD raises ethical concerns about the potential for ‘spare-part’ babies, where children are conceived solely for the purpose of organ or tissue donation.
- There are worries about the psychological impact on children born through PGD, who may feel they were created for a specific purpose rather than being wanted as individuals.
What is prenatal genetic testing?
Prenatal genetic testing, or genetic screening, is offered to parents at high risk of having a child with genetic conditions. It can identify various genetic traits and raises questions about privacy and the commodification of human life.
What are the steps involved in in vitro fertilization?
- An egg is removed from a female.
- The egg is joined with sperm in a Petri dish.
- Resulting embryos divide under artificial conditions.
- A developing embryo is implanted into the mother’s uterus if it appears normal.
What is amniocentesis?
Amniocentesis is a procedure used to conduct genetic screening after implantation. It involves retrieving a sample of amniotic fluid to analyze fetal cells for genetic abnormalities, typically performed between the 14th and 17th week of pregnancy.
What role do genes play in determining traits?
Genes provide a set of potential outcomes for traits, but their expression is influenced by multiple factors, including the environment and epigenetics.
How does the environment influence gene expression?
The environment can affect how genes are expressed, as seen in studies where certain genes only influence traits if specific environmental conditions are present during early development.
What is epigenetics?
Epigenetics is the study of how gene expression is regulated, including how genes can be turned on or off without altering the underlying DNA sequence.
How can epigenetic changes affect future generations?
Epigenetic changes can influence gene expression across generations, meaning that the environment experienced by one person can affect the gene expression patterns in their children and grandchildren.
What do discoveries show about environmental effects and gene expression?
Environmental effects can influence gene expression across generations.
How can the environment affect future generations’ gene expression?
The environment experienced by one person can affect gene expression in their children and grandchildren.
What changes when epigenetic changes occur in sperm and egg cells?
Epigenetic changes can be passed on to the next generation.
What is an example of how a mother’s diet can affect gene expression?
A mother’s diet during pregnancy can affect gene expression in her baby.
This shows the impact of maternal environment on offspring.
What was the purpose of the over-the-counter genetic test released in May 2010?
To determine customers’ likelihood of developing a range of conditions based on their genetic code.
What did the over-the-counter genetic test kit include?
A saliva collection kit and a postage-prepaid envelope for sending samples back to the laboratory.
What action did the FDA take regarding the genetic test kit?
The FDA halted its distribution.
Why is the issue of widespread genetic testing controversial?
It raises implications regarding privacy, discrimination, and the interpretation of test results.
What are some reasons DNA tests are used in medicine?
To determine genetic mutations associated with diseases like breast cancer or Alzheimer’s disease.
What challenges exist in interpreting genetic test results?
Results can be difficult to interpret, and specialized professionals are needed for counseling.
What does a positive result for increased cancer risk indicate?
It indicates the likelihood of developing cancer, not a definitive diagnosis.
What does a negative genetic test result not guarantee?
It does not guarantee protection from developing a certain disease.
What social issues can arise from genetic testing?
Genetic testing can create family tension and raise concerns about privacy and discrimination.
