Ethics - Final Exam - Students

Question 1

The idea that an individual will receive some form of eternal life as a reward for living according to a set of religious laws is an example of a ________ theory of the origin of morality.

natural law

supernatural

parentally-based

value-based

Answer 1

Supernatural

Question 2

Man-made laws dealing with moral behavior are described as prescriptive because ________.
Group of answer choices

they describe how an individual should behave in a situation

they define the outcome of a situation

they are based on physical laws governing situations in the natural world

they depend on the religious background of an individual

Answer 2

they describe how an individual should behave in a situation

Question 3

An essential part of the ________ approach to the study of morality involves the collection of empirical data.
Group of answer choices

philosophical

prescriptive

descriptive

normative

Answer 3

Normative

Question 4

The idea that a person should always act in one’s own self-interest is called ________.
Group of answer choices

altruism

egoism

narcissism

utilitarianism

Answer 4

egoism

Question 5

A behavior that is socially accepted in a particular culture is an example of ________.

manners

altruism

egoistical conduct

moral conduct

Answer 5

manners

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the strong form of psychological egoism?
Group of answer choices

Human beings always act in their own self-interest.

Human beings often act in their own self-interest.

Human beings ought to act in their own best interest.

Human beings always act in accordance with what is best for the majority.

Answer 6

Human beings always act in their own self-interest.

Question 7

Individual ethical egoism states that ________ ought to act in ________ self-interest.

I; my own

everyone; my own

everyone; their own

I; everyone else’s

Answer 7

everyone; their own

Question 8

One main difference between act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism is that ________.
Group of answer choices

in act utilitarianism a set of rules must be learned by the young or uninitiated

in act utilitarianism the individual is not required to evaluate each situation

in rule utilitarianism the individual does not need to evaluate each situation

in rule utilitarianism the individual must decide the right thing to do in each situation

Answer 8

in act utilitarianism a set of rules must be learned by the young or uninitiated

Question 9

If one feels that people ought to act out of self-interest yet believes that people do not always do so, then one ________.
Group of answer choices

accepts ethical egoism and psychological egoism

accepts psychological egoism but not ethical egoism

accepts ethical egoism but not psychological egoism

accepts neither ethical egoism nor psychological egoism

Answer 9

accepts ethical egoism but not psychological egoism

Question 10

Rational ethical egoism proposes that self-interests of humans will never conflict ________.
Group of answer choices

as long as they work together as a collective group

as long as humans engage each other in rational discourse

if one acts on the rule that will bring about the greatest good for everyone concerned

as long as there are no absolute rules determining ethical behavior

Answer 10

as long as humans engage each other in rational discourse

Question 11

act nonconsequentialist theory states

Answer 11

There are no general rules or theories at all. Only particular actions or situations about people that we cannot generalize

Question 12

Rule nonconsequentialists believe

Answer 12

There are or can be rules that are the only basis for morality and that consequences do not matter

Question 13

The Divine Command Theory states

Answer 13

Morality is based not upon the consequences of actions or rules, nor upon self-intrestedness, but rather upon something “higher” than these mere mundane events of the imperfect human or natural worlds.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true regarding intuitionism as opposed to rule nonconsequentialism?
Group of answer choices

Consequences may be considered when formulating rules.

Morality is based on whether an action follows a particular ethical rule.

No binding rules apply.

Decisions are made on the basis of a rule that addresses the situation.

Answer 14

no binding rules apply

Question 15

The belief that one cannot establish moral rules in advance to cover every situation or person is supported by ________.
Group of answer choices

both act nonconsequentialism and act utilitarianism

act nonconsequentialism

act utilitarianism

neither act utilitarianism nor act nonconsequentialism

Answer 15

act utiltarianism

Question 16

review:

the divine command theory

Kant’s deontological theory

Ross’s account of prima facie duties

universal ethical egoism

Question 17

Which of the following runs counter to the idea that there are absolute moral rules that apply to every individual?
Group of answer choices

Kant’s duty ethics

divine command theory

Ross’s prima facie duties

universal ethical egoism

Answer 17

Ross’s prima facie duties

Question 18

rule nonconsequentialist theories
to rule utilitarianism.

Question 19

The idea that one should not lie because one intuitively knows that lying is wrong is BEST supported by ________.
Group of answer choices

Ross’s prima facie duties

rule utilitarianism

divine command theory

Kant’s duty ethics

Answer 19

Ross’s Prima facie duties

Question 20

________ theories acknowledge that a set of moral laws may get in the way of making an appropriate moral decision.
Group of answer choices

Act consequentialists’ and act nonconsequentialists’

Rule consequentialists’ and rule nonconsequentialists’

Act consequentialists’ and rule consequentialists’

Act nonconsequentialists’ and rule nonconsequentialists’

Answer 20

Act consequentialists’ and act nonconsequentialists’

Question 21

Since Aristotle’s ethical framework

Question 22

According to Aristotle, how does one become morally virtuous?
Group of answer choices

by using one’s reason to determine which act is the right one in a given situation

by learning rules or laws that define virtuous acts

by choosing and practicing virtuous acts until they become habits

by studying the nature of laws to determine which are well administrated

Answer 22

by choosing and practicing virtuous acts until they become habits

Question 23

Which of the following is an example of an organization that has been heavily influenced by virtue ethics?
Group of answer choices

Better Business Bureau

Miss America

Rotary International

Department of Family and Children’s Services

Answer 23

Rotary International

Question 24

the main strength of virtue ethics

Question 25

describe care ethics

Question 26

Kohlberg agrees with Gilligan that women and men view ethics differently but maintains that ________.
Group of answer choices

men should be more empathetic to women’s ethical views

both ways of viewing moral principles are equally valid

these differences have been magnified by the feminist movement

women’s ethical views are inferior to men’s

Answer 26

women’s ethical views are inferior to men’s

Question 27

Agape ethics is based on the concept of ________ love.
Group of answer choices

unconditional, selfless

affectionate

friendship

passionate, sexual

Answer 27

unconditional, selfless

Question 28

agapistic ethics

Answer 28

brotherly love

Question 29

Of the following, which is the MOST important commandment to follow according to agapistic ethics?
Group of answer choices

Love your neighbor as yourself.

Love the Lord your God with all your soul and mind.

Do to others what you would have them do to you.

Honor the Lord your God with all your actions.

Answer 29

MAYBE Love your neighbor as yourself.

Question 30

ultimate moral principle

Answer 30

guidelines that people live by to make sure they are doing the right thing.

Question 31

The basis of cultural absolutism is that a moral principle ________.
Group of answer choices

is practiced by the majority of all cultures throughout history

does not vary from one culture to another

may vary to a great extent over time

is absorbed from the culture of which one is a part

Answer 31

does not vary from one culture to another

Question 32

Which of the following does NOT describe cultural relativism?
Group of answer choices

There are no absolute values across cultures.

Ethical judgments can only be made in the context of a specific culture.

What a culture believes does not make a moral practice necessarily right or wrong.

Morality varies from culture to culture.

Answer 32

Morality varies from culture to culture.

Question 33

Of the following, which BEST describes one of the major issues confronting cultural relativism?
Group of answer choices

It is extremely hard for an individual to move outside his or her own culture.

International sanctions will not work to promote peace between cultures.

Some individuals may be members of more than one culture.

Individuals should follow only those moral principles practiced by his or her own culture.

Question 34

differences between cultural relativism and cultural absolutism

Answer 34

In cultural relativism, you believe that different cultures each have their own distinctive beliefs and moral values. You know that everyone is different, there is no absolute “truth”. In cultural absolutism, we assume that our own culture is better than the rest.

Question 35

________ popularized the view that everything that happens occurs according to the laws of physics, so freedom is an illusion.
Group of answer choices

B. F. Skinner

Galileo Galilei

Sir Isaac Newton

Sigmund Freud

Answer 35

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 36

Skinner’s theory of behaviorism

Question 37

All of the following statements are criticisms of economic determinism EXCEPT ________.
Group of answer choices

there is no scientific evidence to support economic determinism

economics is only one influence which affects social development

evidence supports the idea that human beings influence economics

the existence of a classless society is not humanly possible

Question 38

Soft determinists, as opposed to hard determinists, argue that people ________ be held responsible for cheating on their taxes because ________.
Group of answer choices

should not; their actions were the inevitable consequences of prior causes

should not; this event happened randomly without conscious effort on their part

should; individuals are the agent, or cause, of their own actions

should; whatever the cause, their action is still wrong

Question 39

Existentialism is based on the idea that ________.
Group of answer choices

humans are free only when they consciously strive to be free.

humans possess the freedom to create their own meaning.

humans are free when they create their own sense of morality.

humans are truly free when they don’t care about their surroundings or circumstances.

Question 40

The main objective in applying reward theory in ethics is to ________.
Group of answer choices

decide whether a victim should receive a reward as restitution

determine how to justly dispense reward for worthy behavior

choose the type of reward that an individual should receive

verify whether an individual deserves any kind of reward

Question 41

Retributivist reward theory is based on ________, while utilitarian reward theory is based on ________.

a “forward-looking” approach; a “backward-looking” approach

personal ability; how much product is made

what one deserves; future results from incentives

loyalty to a company or idea; the effort expended

Question 42

Why must punishment be considered as it relates to justice?

Punishment may sometimes result in unintended harm.

Punishment involves actions that are normally not considered to be ethical.

Some forms of punishment, such as hazing, are not always merited.

Punishment almost never succeeds in changing unethical behavior.

Question 43

Which of the following applies to retributivist punishment theory but NOT to utilitarian punishment theor

Question 44

The development of the idea of human rights began with ________.

the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights

the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

the period of Enlightenment

Judeo-Christian tradition and Greek philosophy

Question 45

Which of the following levels of thinking are associated with the evaluation of a viable moral system?
Group of answer choices

descriptive, normative, meta-ethical

descriptive, qualitative, analytical

comprehensive, qualitative, meta-ethical

comprehensive, normative, analytical

Question 46

Which of the following does NOT apply to possible ethical orientations that must be considered when devising one’s own ethical system?
Group of answer choices

whether morality is self-interested or takes into consideration the interest of others

whether morality is based on self-discovery or rules imposed by others

whether sources of justification of principles include reason, emotion, and intuition

whether moral decisions should be based on outcomes or rules

Question 47

ethical system by Thiroux and Krasemann

Question 48

According to Toulmin, in order to describe the characteristics of a viable moral system, one should investigate all of the following EXCEPT ________.

why societies have moral systems

the role a moral system plays in the lives of the society members

the logical status of moral statements

the purpose of a particular moral system

Question 49

The method of prioritizing moral principles based on the evidence gained from observations made through the senses is called ________.
Group of answer choices

logical priority

consistent priority

established priority

empirical priority

Question 50

The general category of moral principles includes which of the following?

the Principle of Goodness and the Principle of Truth Telling

the Value of Life Principle and the Principle of Honesty

the Principle of Individual Freedom and the Principle of Justice

the Value of Life Principle and the Principle of Goodness