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Ethics > Ethics Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Ethics Final Exam Review Flashcards

PHI2600 final exam study flash cards

1
Q

Second Semester Review

A

Main Topics: Abortion, Euthanasia, Animal Ethics, War, Economic Ethics

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2
Q

What is abortion?

A

The termination of the unbron.

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3
Q

What are the three different types of abortion?

A

Therapeutic abortion - the termination of the unborn for health complications.
Spontaneous - a miscarriage
⁕Elective⁕ - an abortion for any reason that is not therapeutic or spontaneous.

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4
Q

What is the difference between the legal and moral question of abortion?

A

The legal question of abortion is when should the state intervene in the welfare of the unborn and the moral question is does the unborn deserve moral consideration?

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5
Q

What is the problem of “moral status”?

A

A moral status is the moral implication for how we treat living things, however we don’t give ALL living things a moral status because we treat them differently.

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6
Q

Does biological life equal moral status?

A

Biological life doesn’t equal moral because there are certain things we shouldn’t give consideration to.
Ex. blade of grass

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7
Q

Does potentiality equal actuality in this issue?

A

Potentiality doesn’t equal actuality because it is concerned with what could be and not what is.

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8
Q

Explain 3 arguments regarding abortion in detail.

A
  1. Bodily Rights - A woman has rights to her body, the unborn is attached to the women’s body, the woman has rights over the unborn, therefore abortion is moral.
  2. Potentiality - Humans have the right to live, the unborn has the potential to be human, therefore abortion is immoral.
  3. The negative social impact - The wellbeing of society is critical, the birth of an unwanted child could have negative impacts on society, abortion eliminates unwanted births, therefore abortion is moral.
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9
Q

Identify one weakness of each argument.

A
  1. The weakness of the bodily rights argument is that being attached does ultimately mean you have rights.
    Ex. Conjoint Twins
  2. The weakness of the potentiality argument is the fact that claims about the future are uncertain.
  3. The weakness of the negative social impact argument is the same issue of claims about the future are uncertain.
    Ex. Unwanted births don’t inherently make bad people.
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10
Q

What is euthanasia?

A

The termination of life for the purpose of alleviating suffering.

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11
Q

What is the difference between active and passive euthanasia?

A

Active euthanasia is killing and passive euthanasia is letting die.

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12
Q

What is the difference between voluntary, non-voluntary, and involuntary euthanasia?

A

Voluntary euthanasia is when a competent person is euthanized.
Non-voluntary euthanasia is when an incompetent person is euthanized.
Involuntary euthanasia is when a competent person is euthanized against their competent will.

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13
Q

What is the the problem of anthropocentrism in euthanasia?

A

We treat animal suffering differently therefore we are more likely to euthanize other species than our own.

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14
Q

What is capital punishment?

A

Capital punishment is the termination of life for the purpose of reprimanding someone.

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15
Q

What is the difference between abolitionism and retentionism?

A

Abolitionism is the position that capital punishment is completely immoral, retentionism is the position that in some cases capital punishment is moral.

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16
Q

What is wrongful execution?

A

the termination of someone’s life that was innocent of their accusation.

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17
Q

What is the international community’s stance on capital punishment?

A

The UN has an abolitionist position.

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18
Q

What are two major arguments for capital punishment?

A

The argument from deterrence is that brutal crime exists, and there is a need to deter brutal crime, capital punishment is a deterrence, therefore capital punishment is moral.
The argument from retribution is that brutal crime and those who commit brutal crimes deserve equal punishment, capital punishment is an equal punishment, therefore capital punishment is moral.

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19
Q

What are the weaknesses of each argument?

A

The weakness in the argument from deterrence is that capital punishment doesn’t inherently mean that crime rate will decrease.
The weakness in the argument from retribution is we cannot enact the same crime that was committed onto the accused.

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20
Q

What are 10 historical methods of execution?

A

Hanging, the electric chair, lethal injection, fire squad, stoning, decapitation, starvation, burned, crushed, and drowning.

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21
Q

What are 5 historical “capital” offenses?

A

Adulatory, murder, espionage, treason, and pedophilia.

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22
Q

What is the Judeo-Christian conception of members of other species?

A

The Judeo-Christian conception that animals were put on this earth solely for human use.

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23
Q

What are 5 major uses of members of other species?

A

Food, clothes, experimentation, entertainment, companionship.

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24
Q

What is bias?

A

A preconceived notion

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25
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Acting upon a bias.

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26
Q

What are 5 modern day practices towards animals that are being reared for consumption?

A

Overcrowding, debeaking, tail-docking, living on unnatural surfaces, and unnatural growth.

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27
Q

What is the most intelligent animal eaten in the western world?

A

The pig.

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28
Q

What is speciesism?

A

The bias on the basis of species, or the belief of superiority based on species.

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29
Q

What is Peter Singer’s argument from unnecessary suffering?

A

The argument of unnecessary suffering is any action that produces suffering that is unnecessary is immoral.

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30
Q

What is the argument from medical necessity?

A

The argument from medical necessity is that animal experimentation is necessary to further medical knowledge.

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31
Q

What is the Draize experiment?

A

The immobilization of rabbits and testing the irritability of chemical in their eyes.

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32
Q

What does the use of language tell us about our disposition towards other members of other species?

A

The use different language to remove the sentience of animals as they are turned into products.
Commoditization.

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33
Q

What is war?

A

An armed conflict between nations or parties within nations. A period of armed conflict.

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34
Q

What are some major conflicts in human history?

A

WW1,WW2, Vietnam War, Korean War, American Revolution, Civil War

35
Q

What is Just War Theory?

A

An attempt to justify acts of war, philosophically claiming that war is moral. Consisting of Right Reason and Right Conduct

36
Q

What is generally considered to considered to constitute proper conduct in war?

A

No harming civilians, no targeting property unassociated with the war efforts, end the wars as quickly as possible, returning surrender combatants unharmed, and the principle of proportionality (comparable aggression).

37
Q

Have civilian causalities often outnumbered those of actual combatants?

A

Yes

38
Q

What is economic ethics?

A

Whether or not there are moral implications for how resources are distributed in the world.

39
Q

What is the difference between the developed and the underdeveloped world? Explain.

A

The difference between the developed and underdeveloped world is the standard of living. Typically, the developed world has a better standard of living compared to the underdeveloped world.

40
Q

What is the Standard of Living Index?

A

The Standard of Living Index is a compilation of different indicators that attempts to measure the quality of life.

41
Q

What is historical materialism? Explain.

A

Historical materialism is the view that history is driven by economic conditions.
Ex. The stereotypes of the rich and the poor.
Ex. Business majors are more common in universities because they are the most lucrative major.

42
Q

What are 5 Standard of Living Indicators? Explain the significance of each.

A
  1. Life Expectancy - the average number of years a citizen has lived
    Significance - It shows the quality of healthcare, access to healthcare, and the degree of sanitation. As well as rates of violent crime and political stability.
  2. Infant Mortality Rates - the number of infants that survive pass their 1st birthday
    Significance - It shows the quality of maternal healthcare and pediatric healthcare
  3. Literacy Rates - the percentage of adults citizens who can read and write in their native language
    Significance - It shows the quality of education and how accessible an education is.
  4. Unemployment Rates - a percentage of the population that is involuntarily not working
    Significance - A lower rate means the country is more wealthy, a higher rate means the country to more indigent.
  5. Per Capita Income Rates - an average of the income of citizens annually
    Significance - It shows how much money an individual makes and the lower or higher the rate indicates a countries wellbeing.
43
Q

What is poverty?

A

The deprivation of basic human needs.

44
Q

What is relative vs. absolute poverty?

A

Relative poverty is a reference to the individual poverty line, but absolute poverty is the complete deprivation of basic human needs.

45
Q

First Semester Review

A

Intro to Ethics, Plato’s dialogues, Systems of Ethics

46
Q

What is ethics?

A

A branch of philosophy that deals with human correctness in the moral sense.

47
Q

What is Philosophy?

A

The study of ultimacy through reason.

48
Q

Where does the word ethics come from?

A

The word ethics came from the greek word ‘ethos’ which means custom, norm, or habit.

49
Q

Where does the study of ethics begin in the history of the west?

A

The study begins with antiquity.

50
Q

Who are the three main thinkers that really start this line of inquiry?

A

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

51
Q

What are the two main questions that we can divide the study of ethics into?

A

What does it mean to be a morally good person and what does it mean for a specific action to be moral

52
Q

What is divine command theory? What are its weaknesses?

A

Divine command theory is the theory that an action is moral because God deems it so, the weakness with this theory is that it takes the position that authority equals correctness and it does not.

53
Q

What is the essential difference between rhetoric and dialectic?

A

The essential difference is rhetoric is the art of persuasion while dialectic is concerned with content over appeal.

54
Q

What is ultimacy?

A

The study of ultimate questions regarding human existence.

55
Q

Is philosophy concerned with ultimacy? Explain.

A

Yes, it is the only academic discipline concerned with ultimacy.

56
Q

What is the elenchus?

A

A methodology of starting conversations in Plato’s dialogues.
1. cross-examination
2. the search for definitions
3. the search of essences
4. what is x?

57
Q

What is the sovereignty of virtue thesis?

A

The number 1 concern for human beings should be the pursuit of excellence.

58
Q

What is the difference between opinion and knowledge? Why is it important?

A

The difference between opinion and knowledge is that knowledge has the predicate of certainty, an opinion is uncertain. This is important because knowledge calls on a higher standard intellectually.

59
Q

What is the central question of Plato’s dialogue “Euthyphro”?

A

What is piety?

60
Q

What is Euthyphro trying to say in this dialogue?

A

Piety is applying the same moral standard to everyone and it is that of which is dear to the gods.

61
Q

What is Socrates saying in this dialogue?

A

Socrates says those are examples not a definition and even the gods are in conflict on what piety is.

62
Q

What are the charges against Socrates in the “Apology”?

A

He is charged with corrupting the youth intellectually, not believing in the gods of Athens, and atheism

63
Q

How does he answer these charges?

A

He receives no payment for his teaching and is destitute, Athens should thank him and not prosecute him. He only exposes the truth. He has sought out the intellectuals of Athens and none could answer his questions. He is the most knowledgeable because he admits his ignorance.

64
Q

What does he say about his fear of death?

A

He claims that death is a change of the souls location or an eternal sleep. He does not fear death because it is inevitable. He fears living an unexamined life.

65
Q

What is the problem with the claim that Meletus makes that “It is laws which improve the youth not you Socrates”?

A

The laws enforce conformity, good people do not need laws to do good.

66
Q

What does Socrates mean when he says that “the unexamined life is not worth living”? Explain what this has to do with Socrates fear of death.

A

When he says “the unexamined life is not worth living” he means that a life that doesn’t ask philosophical questions is a life of ignorance. This is a worse fate than death to Socrates.

67
Q

What is deontology?

A

a system of ethics that states an action is moral if the person committing the action is fulfilling their duty or obligation.

68
Q

Who is the most important thinker in this tradition?

A

Emmanuel Kant

69
Q

What is the categorial imperative?

A
  1. to act from a maxim that you would wish to become universal law.
  2. Always treat a individual as end and never merely as a means.
70
Q

What does deontology say about the nature of human action?

A

There are moral laws, things we simply must do.

71
Q

What are the principles of deontology?

A

Honesty, nonaggression, and good will

72
Q

Do deontological principles extend to other species?

A

No

73
Q

What is utilitarianism?

A

The system of ethics that states an action is moral is it produces the greatest good for the greatest amount amount people.

74
Q

What is consequentialism?

A

The view that the morality action is determined by its result.

75
Q

What is the principle thinker in this tradition?

A

John Stuart Mill

76
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of utilitarianism?

A

It sacrifices the minority for the majority and results are not concrete. However in the case it does work out many people benefit from the act of one.

77
Q

What is virtue ethics?

A

A system of ethics that states that an action is moral if the person who commits the action displays excellence

78
Q

What is Aristotle saying about the mean between excess and deficiency?

A

Human being should find the middle ground between too much virtue and too much vice.

79
Q

What is the essential problem with the mean?

A

The mean is ambiguous.

80
Q

What is an intrinsic value? What is an instrumental value?

A

Intrinsic is something we value for its own sake, Instrumental is something we value as an means to a ends

81
Q

What does Aristotle mean when he says that “All human actions aim at some good”? Is he correct? Explain.

A

We do what we perceive to be good.

82
Q

Are evil people capable of the only intrinsic value? Explain.

A

No, they must do good to be good.

83
Q

Is the only intrinsic value the same as pleasure? Explain.

A

No, pleasure is momentarily but happiness is meant to be a continuous state

Ethics (1 decks)

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