Ethics - Final Exam - Instructor

Question 1

The idea that an individual will receive some form of eternal life as a reward for living according to a set of religious laws is an example of a ________ theory of the origin of morality.
Group of answer choices

natural law

supernatural

parentally-based

value-based

Answer 1

supernatural

Question 2

Man-made laws dealing with moral behavior are described as prescriptive because ________.
Group of answer choices

they describe how an individual should behave in a situation

they define the outcome of a situation

they are based on physical laws governing situations in the natural world

they depend on the religious background of an individual

Answer 2

they describe how an individual should behave in a situation

Question 3

An essential part of the ________ approach to the study of morality involves the collection of empirical data.
Group of answer choices

philosophical

prescriptive

descriptive

normative

Answer 3

descriptive

Question 4

The idea that a person should always act in one’s own self-interest is called ________.
Group of answer choices

altruism

egoism

narcissism

utilitarianism

Answer 4

egoism

Question 5

A behavior that is socially accepted in a particular culture is an example of ________.
Group of answer choices

manners

altruism

egoistical conduct

moral conduct

Answer 5

manners

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the strong form of psychological egoism?
Group of answer choices

Human beings always act in their own self-interest.

Human beings often act in their own self-interest.

Human beings ought to act in their own best interest.

Human beings always act in accordance with what is best for the majority.

Answer 6

Human beings always act in their own self-interest.

Question 7

Individual ethical egoism states that ________ ought to act in ________ self-interest.
Group of answer choices

I; my own

everyone; my own

everyone; their own

I; everyone else’s

Answer 7

everyone; my own

Question 8

One main difference between act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism is that ________.
Group of answer choices

in act utilitarianism a set of rules must be learned by the young or uninitiated

in act utilitarianism the individual is not required to evaluate each situation

in rule utilitarianism the individual does not need to evaluate each situation

in rule utilitarianism the individual must decide the right thing to do in each situation

Answer 8

in rule utilitarianism the individual does not need to evaluate each situation

Question 9

If one feels that people ought to act out of self-interest yet believes that people do not always do so, then one ________.
Group of answer choices

accepts ethical egoism and psychological egoism

accepts psychological egoism but not ethical egoism

accepts ethical egoism but not psychological egoism

accepts neither ethical egoism nor psychological egoism

Answer 9

accepts ethical egoism but not psychological egoism

Question 10

Rational ethical egoism proposes that self-interests of humans will never conflict ________.
Group of answer choices

as long as they work together as a collective group

as long as humans engage each other in rational discourse

if one acts on the rule that will bring about the greatest good for everyone concerned

as long as there are no absolute rules determining ethical behavior

Answer 10

as long as humans engage each other in rational discourse

Question 11

Which statement BEST describes act nonconsequentialist theory?
Group of answer choices

It is based on the belief that the application of certain rules is the only basis for moral behavior.

It is based on the belief that morality comes from following the right moral commands.

It is based on the belief that humans have deep moral insights that, as such, are valuable for determining moral behavior.

It is based on the belief that to be moral, human beings must follow the commands of a higher being or deity.

Answer 11

It is based on the belief that humans have deep moral insights that, as such, are valuable for determining moral behavior.

Question 12

Rule nonconsequentialists believe that ________.
Group of answer choices

following a prescribed set of rules is not the best basis for determining moral behavior

consequences of moral actions are the best basis for determining moral behavior

there are rules that establish the best basis for determining moral behavior

individual beliefs are the best basis for determining moral behavior

Answer 12

there are rules that establish the best basis for determining moral behavior

Question 13

The Divine Command Theory states that morality is based upon ________.
Group of answer choices

the consequences of disobeying a set of religious rules

how an individual takes into account the consequences of their actions

the will of a supernatural being

considering the well-being of others most important

Answer 13

the will of a supernatural being

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true regarding intuitionism as opposed to rule nonconsequentialism?
Group of answer choices

Consequences may be considered when formulating rules.

Morality is based on whether an action follows a particular ethical rule.

No binding rules apply.

Decisions are made on the basis of a rule that addresses the situation.

Answer 14

No binding rules apply.

Question 15

The belief that one cannot establish moral rules in advance to cover every situation or person is supported by ________.
Group of answer choices

both act nonconsequentialism and act utilitarianism

act nonconsequentialism

act utilitarianism

neither act utilitarianism nor act nonconsequentialism

Answer 15

act utilitarianism

Question 16

The idea that in certain extreme conditions an individual’s actual duty may be different from one’s initial duty is supported by which of the following?
Group of answer choices

the divine command theory

Kant’s deontological theory

Ross’s account of prima facie duties

universal ethical egoism

Answer 16

Ross’s account of prima facie duties

Question 17

Which of the following runs counter to the idea that there are absolute moral rules that apply to every individual?
Group of answer choices

Kant’s duty ethics

divine command theory

Ross’s prima facie duties

universal ethical egoism

Answer 17

Ross’s prima facie duties

Question 18

All of the following apply to rule nonconsequentialist theories EXCEPT ________, which applies to rule utilitarianism.
Group of answer choices

placing a heavy emphasis on following a rule

some moral rules are formulated by reason

some moral rules are known intuitively

some moral rules are based on actions that promote the most happiness

Answer 18

some moral rules are based on actions that promote the most happiness

Question 19

The idea that one should not lie because one intuitively knows that lying is wrong is BEST supported by ________.
Group of answer choices

Ross’s prima facie duties

rule utilitarianism

divine command theory

Kant’s duty ethics

Answer 19

Ross’s prima facie duties

Question 20

________ theories acknowledge that a set of moral laws may get in the way of making an appropriate moral decision.
Group of answer choices

Act consequentialists’ and act nonconsequentialists’

Rule consequentialists’ and rule nonconsequentialists’

Act consequentialists’ and rule consequentialists’

Act nonconsequentialists’ and rule nonconsequentialists’

Answer 20

Act consequentialists’ and act nonconsequentialists’

Question 21

Since Aristotle’s ethical framework focuses on ________, it is classified as a virtue ethics approach.
Group of answer choices

outward forces acting on an individual

pleasurable outcomes of behavior

how well an individual treats his or her family members

a person’s inner character

Answer 21

a person’s inner character

Question 22

According to Aristotle, how does one become morally virtuous?
Group of answer choices

by using one’s reason to determine which act is the right one in a given situation

by learning rules or laws that define virtuous acts

by choosing and practicing virtuous acts until they become habits

by studying the nature of laws to determine which are well administrated

Answer 22

by choosing and practicing virtuous acts until they become habits

Question 23

Which of the following is an example of an organization that has been heavily influenced by virtue ethics?
Group of answer choices

Better Business Bureau

Miss America

Rotary International

Department of Family and Children’s Services

Answer 23

Rotary International

Question 24

Which of the following is regarded as a main strength of virtue ethics?
Group of answer choices

All humans have an innate purpose.

It is clear that all humans have a natural tendency to be moral.

All actions that promote well-being for humans are universal.

It is useful to combine practical and theoretical reason with feelings.

Answer 24

It is useful to combine practical and theoretical reason with feelings.

Question 25

Of the following statements, which MOST accurately describes care ethics?
Group of answer choices

Care ethics focuses on justice.

Care ethics focuses on the inferiority of women’s approach to ethics.

Care ethics focuses on the well-being of others, and relationships.

Care ethics focuses on competition and living by rules.

Answer 25

Care ethics focuses on the well-being of others, and relationships.

Question 26

Kohlberg agrees with Gilligan that women and men view ethics differently but maintains that ________.
Group of answer choices

men should be more empathetic to women’s ethical views

both ways of viewing moral principles are equally valid

these differences have been magnified by the feminist movement

women’s ethical views are inferior to men’s

Answer 26

women’s ethical views are inferior to men’s

Question 27

Agape ethics is based on the concept of ________ love.
Group of answer choices

unconditional, selfless

affectionate

friendship

passionate, sexual

Answer 27

unconditional, selfless

Question 28

Why is agapistic ethics usually viewed in the context of Christian love?
Group of answer choices

Agapistic ethics deal with the finite nature of man, not the infinite.

Agapistic ethics is an impossible ideal made up by writers of the Ten Commandments.

Agapistic ethics is based on adherence to the Golden Rule.

Agapistic ethics sees the command to love as a way to honor and worship God.

Answer 28

Agapistic ethics sees the command to love as a way to honor and worship God.

Question 29

Of the following, which is the MOST important commandment to follow according to agapistic ethics?
Group of answer choices

Love your neighbor as yourself.

Love the Lord your God with all your soul and mind.

Do to others what you would have them do to you.

Honor the Lord your God with all your actions.

Answer 29

Love the Lord your God with all your soul and mind.

Question 30

Which one of the following is NOT considered to be an ultimate moral principle?
Group of answer choices

respect for the property of others

taboos against incest

taboos against eating certain animals

respect for life

Answer 30

taboos against eating certain animals

Question 31

The basis of cultural absolutism is that a moral principle ________.
Group of answer choices

is practiced by the majority of all cultures throughout history

does not vary from one culture to another

may vary to a great extent over time

is absorbed from the culture of which one is a part

Answer 31

does not vary from one culture to another

Question 32

Which of the following does NOT describe cultural relativism?
Group of answer choices

There are no absolute values across cultures.

Ethical judgments can only be made in the context of a specific culture.

What a culture believes does not make a moral practice necessarily right or wrong.

Morality varies from culture to culture.

Answer 32

What a culture believes does not make a moral practice necessarily right or wrong.

Question 33

Of the following, which BEST describes one of the major issues confronting cultural relativism?
Group of answer choices

It is extremely hard for an individual to move outside his or her own culture.

International sanctions will not work to promote peace between cultures.

Some individuals may be members of more than one culture.

Individuals should follow only those moral principles practiced by his or her own culture.

Answer 33

Some individuals may be members of more than one culture.

Question 34

One of the main differences between cultural relativism and cultural absolutism is that cultural relativism is based on the idea that ________.
Group of answer choices

humans are very adept at absorbing the common mores of different cultures

humans share moral principles which cross different cultures

humans are united by our common needs and emotions

humans naturally absorb the moral standards of their own culture

Answer 34

humans naturally absorb the moral standards of their own culture

Question 35

________ popularized the view that everything that happens occurs according to the laws of physics, so freedom is an illusion.
Group of answer choices

B. F. Skinner

Galileo Galilei

Sir Isaac Newton

Sigmund Freud

Answer 35

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 36

Of the following statements, which BEST describes Skinner’s theory of behaviorism?
Group of answer choices

Human behavior is determined by conditions before birth.

Human behavior is determined by environmental conditioning.

Human behavior is determined by unconscious or repressed feelings.

Human behavior is determined entirely by the instinct for survival.

Answer 36

Human behavior is determined by environmental conditioning.

Question 37

All of the following statements are criticisms of economic determinism EXCEPT ________.
Group of answer choices

there is no scientific evidence to support economic determinism

economics is only one influence which affects social development

evidence supports the idea that human beings influence economics

the existence of a classless society is not humanly possible

Answer 37

the existence of a classless society is not humanly possible

Question 38

Soft determinists, as opposed to hard determinists, argue that people ________ be held responsible for cheating on their taxes because ________.
Group of answer choices

should not; their actions were the inevitable consequences of prior causes

should not; this event happened randomly without conscious effort on their part

should; individuals are the agent, or cause, of their own actions

should; whatever the cause, their action is still wrong

Answer 38

should; individuals are the agent, or cause, of their own actions

Question 39

Existentialism is based on the idea that ________.
Group of answer choices

humans are free only when they consciously strive to be free.

humans possess the freedom to create their own meaning.

humans are free when they create their own sense of morality.

humans are truly free when they don’t care about their surroundings or circumstances.

Answer 39

humans possess the freedom to create their own meaning.

Question 40

The main objective in applying reward theory in ethics is to ________.
Group of answer choices

decide whether a victim should receive a reward as restitution

determine how to justly dispense reward for worthy behavior

choose the type of reward that an individual should receive

verify whether an individual deserves any kind of reward

Answer 40

determine how to justly dispense reward for worthy behavior

Question 41

Retributivist reward theory is based on ________, while utilitarian reward theory is based on ________.
Group of answer choices

a “forward-looking” approach; a “backward-looking” approach

personal ability; how much product is made

what one deserves; future results from incentives

loyalty to a company or idea; the effort expended

Answer 41

what one deserves; future results from incentives

Question 42

Why must punishment be considered as it relates to justice?
Group of answer choices

Punishment may sometimes result in unintended harm.

Punishment involves actions that are normally not considered to be ethical.

Some forms of punishment, such as hazing, are not always merited.

Punishment almost never succeeds in changing unethical behavior.

Answer 42

Punishment involves actions that are normally not considered to be ethical.

Question 43

Which of the following applies to retributivist punishment theory but NOT to utilitarian punishment theory?
Group of answer choices

Punishment should promote the good of society.

Punishment should only be given to the extent deserved.

Punishment should maximize the overall amount of pleasure over pain.

Punishment should serve to deter crimes.

Answer 43

Punishment should only be given to the extent deserved.

Question 44

The development of the idea of human rights began with ________.
Group of answer choices

the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights

the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

the period of Enlightenment

Judeo-Christian tradition and Greek philosophy

Answer 44

Judeo-Christian tradition and Greek philosophy

Question 45

Which of the following levels of thinking are associated with the evaluation of a viable moral system?
Group of answer choices

descriptive, normative, meta-ethical

descriptive, qualitative, analytical

comprehensive, qualitative, meta-ethical

comprehensive, normative, analytical

Answer 45

descriptive, normative, meta-ethical

Question 46

Which of the following does NOT apply to possible ethical orientations that must be considered when devising one’s own ethical system?
Group of answer choices

whether morality is self-interested or takes into consideration the interest of others

whether morality is based on self-discovery or rules imposed by others

whether sources of justification of principles include reason, emotion, and intuition

whether moral decisions should be based on outcomes or rules

Answer 46

whether morality is based on self-discovery or rules imposed by others

Question 47

Which of the following was identified as a characteristic of a viable ethical system by Thiroux and Krasemann?
Group of answer choices

A viable moral system makes judgments about what one should or should not do.

A viable moral system consists of some rules that can be expressed in general judgments.

A viable moral system involves acting on the basis of principles even when doing so is not in one’s best interest.

A viable moral system possesses a rational basis and recognizes the place of emotion

Answer 47

A viable moral system possesses a rational basis and recognizes the place of emotion

Question 48

According to Toulmin, in order to describe the characteristics of a viable moral system, one should investigate all of the following EXCEPT ________.
Group of answer choices

why societies have moral systems

the role a moral system plays in the lives of the society members

the logical status of moral statements

the purpose of a particular moral system

Answer 48

the logical status of moral statements

Question 49

The method of prioritizing moral principles based on the evidence gained from observations made through the senses is called ________.
Group of answer choices

logical priority

consistent priority

established priority

empirical priority

Answer 49

empirical priority

Question 50

The general category of moral principles includes which of the following?
Group of answer choices

the Principle of Goodness and the Principle of Truth Telling

the Value of Life Principle and the Principle of Honesty

the Principle of Individual Freedom and the Principle of Justice

the Value of Life Principle and the Principle of Goodness

Answer 50

the Value of Life Principle and the Principle of Goodness