Ethics and values Flashcards

1
Q

Values are:

A

– concepts or ideals that give meaning to an individual’s life and provide a framework for decisions and actions

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2
Q

Morals are:

A

– the standards of right and wrong associated with individuals, groups, and society in general
– Practical application

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3
Q

Ethics are:

A

– the branch of philosophy that deals with the moral dimensions of human life;
– what should we do and why should we do it
– Science of morals in human conduct

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4
Q

What is moral accountability?

A
  • Accountability is the readiness or preparedness to give an explanation or justification to relevant others for one’s judgements, intentions, acts and omissions.
  • Individuals are accountable for the effects of their actions in so far as they are reasonably foreseeable
  • The same principles apply to large organisations, employers and governments
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5
Q

Moral accountability of organisations/government:

A
  • To articulate and communicate clearly with workers the moral values and principles which it believes to be embedded in its accountability relationships
  • To develop procedures and advice to support and guide the applications of these values and principles
  • To search out and review inconsistencies between explicit values and organisational practice
  • To develop the competence of all its workers in the application of those values, principles and procedures which are relevant to their jobs
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6
Q

Occupational values are:

A
  • Occupational standards – principles of pharmacy ethics

* Codes of ethics & Standards of conduct

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7
Q

Individual, personal values:

A
  • Based on sense of right and wrong

* May be based on political or religious beliefs

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8
Q

Legal framework:

A
  • Values in common and contractual law
  • Generally explicit
  • Interpretations may be necessary
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9
Q

Ethical dilemmas occur when

A
  • Moral values have been disregarded
  • There are difficulties in deciding how to apply moral/ethical values
  • Moral/ethical values come into conflict with each other
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10
Q

Ethical theory – Utilitarianism:

A

• Concerned with the ends not the means
• A person should always act in such a way that will produce more good or benefit than disadvantages
• Therefore consider the consequences of one’s actions
• But can it justify doing harm or injustice to a few, if society as a whole benefits e.g.
– smoking ban in public places
– Insider trading to raise m money for charity
– Killing one person to harvest their organs for many others

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11
Q

Ethical theory – Deontology

A
  • Concerned with the actions not the outcomes
  • Universal moral rules that it is our duty to follow, regardless of the consequences
  • Always treat human beings as ‘ends in themselves’ and never merely as ‘means to someone else’s end’
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12
Q

Ethical principles:

A

• From principlism – a widely applied bio-ethical approach based on fundamental moral principles developed in the 1970s by the American philosophers Beauchamp and Childress
– Autonomy
– Beneficence
– Non-maleficence
– Justice
• There are other principles that can also be considered:
– Fidelity

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13
Q

What is autonomy?

A
• Freedom to exist, to think, to act and to communicate
• If you respect a person’s autonomy, then you respect the decisions that they make
• Do we all have autonomy?
–	Young children
–	Prisoners
–	Mentally ill
–	Old people
–	etc……???

Ignoring autonomy can be considered as Paternalism

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14
Q

What is Beneficence?

A

• Principle of doing what is best for the patient
– Protect and defend the rights of others
– Prevent harm from occurring to others
– Remove conditions that will cause harm to others
– Help people with disabilities
– Rescue people in danger
• Promotion of patient’s best wishes

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15
Q

Non-maleficence:

A
  • One ought not to inflict evil or harm (to the patient)

* In other words, do not do something that you know will cause harm to the patients

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16
Q

Acts with double effect:

A

• Acts with double effect i.e. can cause benefit and harm
– The act must be good or at least morally neutral independent of its consequences
– The person intends only the good effect, not the bad effect
– The bad effect must not be a means to the good effect
– The good effect must outweigh the bad effect

17
Q

Justice:

A
  • Being fair – not necessarily equal
  • Awarding what is due
  • Treat “equals” equally
18
Q

Fidelity:

A
  • Trust and truthfulness
  • Keeping promises
  • Honouring commitments and obligations
  • Loyalty
19
Q

Codes of Ethics Generally:

A

What is right and good with respect to conduct and character”
• A public recital of the standards of behaviour that can be expected from a profession
• Not an exhaustive list of do’s and don’t’s
• Helps prevent exploitation of clients
• Regulates professional relationships
• Such rules are usually the result of reasoning and analysis

20
Q

Standards for Pharmacy Professionals:

A
  • Previously known as ‘Code of Ethics’ and ‘Standards of Conduct, Ethics and Performance’
  • Encapsulate what it means to be a registered pharmacist or pharmacy technicians – your obligations
  • Describe how safe and effective care is delivered through ‘person-centred’ professionalism
  • Standards grounded in timeless principles: Serving the public, Lifelong learning and Professional accountability
  • Pharmacy professionals are personally accountable for meeting the standards and must be able to justify the decisions they make
21
Q

The Nine Standards

Pharmacy professionals must:

A

Pharmacy professionals must:

  1. provide person-centred care
  2. work in partnership with others
  3. communicate effectively
  4. maintain, develop and use their professional knowledge and skills
  5. use professional judgement
  6. behave in a professional manner
  7. respect and maintain the person’s confidentiality and privacy
  8. speak up when they have concerns or when things go wrong
  9. demonstrate leadership
22
Q

GPhC Guidance On Meeting The Standards:

A

• Guidance Documents currently available
– Consent
– Patient confidentiality
– Religion, personal values and beliefs
– Maintaining clear sexual boundaries
– Raising Concerns
– Joint statement on the professional duty of candour
– Joint statement on conflicts of interest
– Demonstrating professionalism online
Underlined = directed reading for examination