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351 Final > Ethics and Values > Flashcards

Ethics and Values Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of ethics?

A

the study of the philosophical ideals of right and wrong behaviour based on what you think you ought (or ought not) to do

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2
Q

What is the definition of values?

A
  • a strong personal belief and an ideal that a person or group believe to have merit
  • influence behaviour
  • reflects cultural and social influences, relationships and personal needs
  • varies among people, develops and changes over time
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3
Q

What is the definition of nursing ethics?

A

focuses on the moral questions within the sphere of noosing practice, the nurse-patient or nurse-client relationship, the moral character of nurses and the nurse as a moral agent

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4
Q

What framework guides ethical behaviour for nurses?

A

Code of ethics (2017) from the CNA

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5
Q

What are the two parts to the code of ethics?

A

values and ethical responsibilities

ethical endeavours related to broad societal issues

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6
Q

What is an ethical problem?

A

conflicts between one or more values and uncertainty about the correct course of action

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7
Q

What is an ethical dilemma?

A

when there are equally compelling reasons for and against one or more possible courses of action
- this is a type of ethical problem

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8
Q

What is ethical or moral distress?

A

nurses know or believe they know the right thing to do, but do not or cannot take the right action structural, policy issues, not having a voice

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9
Q

What is ethical residue?

A

what nurses experience when they seriously compromise themselves or allow themselves to be compromised

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10
Q

What is ethical disengagement?

A

can occur if nurses begin to see the disregard of their ethical commitment as normal

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11
Q

What is ethical courage?

A

is exercised when nurses stand firm on a point of moral principle or a particular decision about something in the face of overwhelming fear or threat to themselves

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12
Q

How does a nurse demonstrate ethics in relation to the CNO professional standard?

A
  • identifying ethical issues and communicating them to the health care team
  • identifying options to resolve ethical issues
  • evaluating the effectiveness of their actions taken to resolve ethical issues
  • identifying personal values and ensuring they do not conflict with professional practice
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13
Q

What are the CNO entry to practice competencies that are related to ethical practice?

A 
#80. demonstrates knowledge of the difference between ethical and legal considerations and their relevance when providing nursing care
#84. respects and preserves clients' choices based on an ethical framework
#85. uses an ethical framework and evidence informed decision-making process to address situations of ethical distress and dilemmas
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14
Q

What are some ethical considerations in relationships with students?

A

nurses: recognize power differentials, treat people with respect, share knowledge, provide feedback and guidance for the professional development of the student
students: treat each other with respect and honesty, informs and requests permission from the person receiving care
nurses and students: “place the safety and well-being of the person in care above all other objectives, including fulfilling educational obligations”

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15
Q

What factors are involved in value formation?

A
  • family experience
  • moral development
  • cultural, ethical, and religious communities
  • individual experience
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16
Q

What are professional nursing values as outlined by the CNA?

A
  • providing safe, compassionate, competent ethical care
  • promoting health and well-being
  • promoting and respecting informed decision making
  • honouring dignity
  • maintaining privacy and confidentiality
  • promoting justice
  • being accountable
17
Q

What are professional nursing values as outlined by the CNO?

A
  • client well-being
  • client choice
  • privacy and confidentiality
  • respect for life
  • maintaining commitments
  • truthfulness
  • fairness
18
Q

What is values clarification?

A

the process of appraising one’s values helps a person decide priorities and make decisions

19
Q

Why is values clarification important?

A
  • identify one’s own values and beliefs through reflection and examination
  • leads to better understanding others
  • plays a key role in communication
  • need to be aware of values of employers, patients, physicians, and other groups
20
Q

Why is understanding your personal and professional values important?

A
  • things we think are common sense are typically culturally formed
  • all professions hold covert values, practices, and standards not written or articulated
  • we are highly influences by the values ascribed by our peers in our working environment
  • if we follow our instincts and reactions aline, we may be following a belief system based on unjust reasoning
21
Q

What is the point of ethical theory?

A
  • introduces clarity, substance, and precision of argument into the domain of morality
  • helps to identify, articulate and analyze the ethical concerns/dilemmas
  • facilitates the development of justifiable action
22
Q

What theory defines actions as right or wrong?

A

deontology

23
Q

What does utilitarianism believe?

A
  • also called consequentialism

- proposes that they value of something is determined by its usefulness

24
Q

What does bioethics believe?

A
  • obligation and reason-based, outcome orientated

- decision making is guided by four principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice

25
Q

What theory focuses on inequalities between people?

A

feminist ethics

26
Q

What theory emphasizes the importance of understanding relationships?

A

Relational ethics

- especially as they are revealed in personal narratives

27
Q

What theory focuses on question of character rather than action?

A

virtue ethics

28
Q

Describe beneficence.

A
  • to protect the patient from harm
  • to promote the patient’s welfare
  • rooted in utilitarianism
29
Q

Describe non-maleficence.

A
  • obligation to do no harm
  • one ought not to inflict evil or harm
  • one ought to prevent evil or harm
  • one ought to remove evil or harm
30
Q

Describe Autonomy.

A
  • personal self-governance
  • free from controlling interferences
  • key characteristics: choice, privacy, self-mastery, freedom, self-determination
31
Q

Describe justice.

A
  • fair, equitable, and appropriate distribution of societal goods, including health care services
32
Q

What are the four steps of working through ethical conflict as outlined by the CNO?

A
  1. Assessment
  2. Plan/approach
  3. Implementation/action
  4. Evaluation/outcome
33
Q

What is involved in assessment?

A
  • examine your own beliefs, values, and knowledge, as well as other on the healthcare team
  • consider policies and guidelines
34
Q

What is involved in plan/approach?

A
  • develop a plan that takes into account factors from the assessment, options, and consequences
  • decide best course of action
35
Q

What is involved in implementation/action?

A
  • good communication and interpersonal skills
36
Q

What is involved in evaluation/outcome?

A
  • determine if the result is satisfactory

- reassess and replan if needed

37
Q

What are the steps of analyzing an ethical dilemma?

A
  • determine whether the issue is an ethical dilemma
  • gather all relevant information
  • examine and determine your own values
  • verbalize the problem
  • consider possible course of action
  • reflect in the outcome
  • evaluate the action and the outcome
38
Q

What are some common ethical issues in nursing practice?

A
  • patient care issues: futile care (quality of life), advanced care planning, medical assistance in dying, allocation of resources and access to care
  • issues of safety and ethics in the work environment: social networking and safety, working with the healthcare team to promote safe care

351 Final (5 decks)

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