Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Dermatology > Ethics and public health > Flashcards

Ethics and public health Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Name some causes of skin disease

A
  • irritants
  • allergens
  • internal disease
  • drugs
  • genetics
  • sun exposure
  • temperature / humidity
  • infections
  • psychological factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of skin tumours are mainly seen in fairer patients?

A

Malignant and premalignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Skin disease is the 10th most frequent cause for GP consultations true or false?

A

False

It is the 4th most frequent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name some common skin diseases

A
  • eczema / dermatitis
  • infections - viral, fungal, bacterial
  • acne
  • skin tumours
  • psoriasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define prevalence

A

The total number of cases (of a disease) within the population at any one time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define incidence

A

The number of new cases of a disease defined as the % of the population who develop the disease over a fixed period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name some conditions that are becoming more common in the UK

A
  • skin cancers (including melanoma)
  • venous leg ulceration
  • atopic dermatitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe illness behaviour

A

The ways in which given symptoms may be differentially perceived, evaluated, acted upon (or not acted upon) by different kinds of person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define disease

A
  • a pathological condition of the body
  • objective and demonstrable
  • fits with the body as a machine model
  • can be measured and quantified
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define illness

A
  • the experience of discomfort and suffering
  • subjective
  • depends on the individual concerned, their psychological and social situation, culture and belief
  • hard to measure and quantify
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the ‘social animal’ principle

A
  • we are social animals, our social worlds are both external and internal, symbolic representations in our minds
  • we are story telling animals
  • we seek and construct meaning in our lives
  • role; bundles of social expectations attaching to a position within a social structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe sensation

A

Refers to the ‘raw data’ that impacts on the sense organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe perception

A

Provides meaning for the raw data of sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe impression formation

A
  • relevant both to the doctor-patient consultation, and to the patients social interactions with others
  • importance of first impressions
  • inferential processes are necessary, guidelines for action, order of chaos
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe gestalt psychology

A
  • Asch (1946) classic experiment in social psychology
  • the human eye sees objects in their entirety before perceiving their individual parts
  • the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe stereotypes

A
  • overgeneralisations
  • in the absence of other information it may constitute a rational guess
  • attribution of one trait leads to inference of other traits
  • labelling; initial label tends to stick and become self validating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe affect

A
  • the term affect is sometime used for momentary feeling states
  • the ethologists ekman and friesen propose 6 primary affects
  • happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, disgust and interest
  • they suggest that the ‘disgust affect display’ develops from movements of the mouth and node involved in rejecting a bad taste or smell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the five essential elements of study design

A
  • what are the reasons for undertaking the study
  • who is the target group
  • recruitment process and strategy
  • consent
  • confidentiality and data protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name examples of unethical research in the past

A
  • edward jenner - smallpox experiments
  • tuskegee syphilis experiment - US health service studied syphillis in rural black men who thought they were receiving free health care
  • experiments on jewish prisoners in concentration camps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name the two most important international declaration on ethics of research

A
  • nuremberg code 1948 - the voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential
  • declaration of helsinki 1964 - research reviewed by independent committees
21
Q

Describe respect for patient autonomy

A
  • enabling a patient to make their own choices
  • honest communication between doctor and patient
  • aims to give the patient full information about proposed research including risks and benefits
22
Q

Name the three major requirements for valid consent

A
  • free will, no coercion
  • patient must have the capacity to understand
  • full information was given
23
Q

Name the five main ethical issues

A
  • recruitment and consent
  • vulnerable patients
  • confidentiality and data protection
  • risks, harm and safety
  • financial incentives
24
Q

Name some risks of unethically conducted research

A
  • harm to patients
  • abuse of power
  • mistrust of doctors
  • mistrust of healthcare professions and institutions
  • mistrust of useful research
  • harm to researchers
25
Q

Food allergy describes what?

A

When symptoms are caused by an immune reaction, usually IgE mediated but sometimes not (thought to be cell mediated but not well understood)

26
Q

Food intolerance describes what?

A

A non-immune reaction, eg. lactose intolerance where there is lactase enzyme deficiency leading to poor breakdown of lactose in the GI tract and the excess unabsorbed lactose results in symptoms

27
Q

Name some direct skin manifestations of obesity

A
  • acanthosis nigricans
  • skin tags
  • hirsutism
  • acne
  • hidradenitis suppurative
  • androgenic alopecia
  • stretch marks
28
Q

What is acanthosis nigricans?

A

A velvety thickening and pigmentation of the skin folds, usually axillae

29
Q

What are skin tags (acrochordons)?

A

Frequently found around axillae and neck areas

30
Q

What is hirsutism?

A

Increased hair in females in male distribution eg beard area

31
Q

What is hidradenitis suppurativa?

A

A chronic inflammatory disease where boils and abscesses form and scar in apocrine gland areas (especially axillae, groin)

32
Q

What is androgenentic alopecia?

A

Male pattern balding in men and women

33
Q

What are stretch marks (striae distensae)?

A

Type of scarring associated with dermal connective tissue injury in response to local stretching forces eg rapid weight gain in pregnancy and obesity

34
Q

Name some skin diseases aggravated by obesity

A
  • lymphoedema
  • chronic venous insufficiency
  • skin infections
  • intertigo
  • psoriasis
35
Q

Describe skin infections in relation to obesity

A
  • increased tendency to bacterial, fungal and yeast infections, especially in skin folds and areas where circulation is affected eg legs
36
Q

Describe intertigo in relation to obesity

A
  • macerated red plaques which develop in skin folds due to high moisture levels, friction, increased pH and reduced barrier function and are prone to secondary infection
37
Q

Describe psoriasis in relation to obesity

A
  • the link is not clear
  • psoriasis morbidity is higher in obesity and weight control plays a role in management
  • flexural psoriasis is particularly aggravated
38
Q

Name the two forms of protein energy malnutrition (PEM)

A
  • marasmus

- kwashikor

39
Q

Describe the marasmus form of PEM

A
  • global nutrient deficiency causing weight loss by fat breakdown
  • the child is very thin from muscle wasting
  • there is no oedema
  • the skin is dry, wrinkled and loose from subcutaneous fat and muscle loss
  • hair is thin, brittle and falls out easily causing alopecia
40
Q

Describe the kwashikor form of PEM

A
  • thought to be caused by very low protein intake with reasonable carbohydrate intake
  • there is oedema and children often developed an enlarged pot belly
  • skin shows irregular or patchy discolouration caused by pigmentary change
  • dark, dry skin may split when stretched, revealing pale areas between the cracks (crazy paving dermatosis)
41
Q

What is the role of vitamin a?

A
  • fat soluble vitamin

- vital for epithelial proliferation, keratinisation and development

42
Q

What is the role of vitamin K?

A
  • fat soluble vitamin

- essential for several blood coagulation factors

43
Q

What is the role of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)?

A
  • water soluble vitamin

- essential co-factor in numerous metabolic reactions

44
Q

What is the role of vitamin B3 (niacin)?

A
  • water soluble vitamin

- essential co-factor in numerous metabolic reactions

45
Q

What is the role of vitamin B6?

A
  • water soluble vitamin

- co-enzyme for many processes

46
Q

What is the role of folate and vitamin B12?

A
  • water soluble vitamin

- both critical co-enzymes in many processes with similar deficiency states

47
Q

What is the role of biotin?

A
  • water soluble vitamin

- essential co-factor for carboxylase enzymes

48
Q

What is the role of vitamin C (abscorbic acid)

A
  • water soluble vitamin

- essential co-factor in collagen formation eg hair and for bone and teeth health

49
Q

What is the role of zinc?

A
  • mineral
  • required for many metabolic pathways
  • required for structure and function of skin and so vital for wound healing

Dermatology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions