Ethics

Question 1

What are the Zola’s triggers?

Answer 1

1 – Perceived interference with vocational or physical activity
2 – Perceived interference with social or personal relationships
3 – Occurrence of an interpersonal crisis
4 – Temporalising (if it’s not better by the end of next week…)
5 – Sanctioning (pressure from family or friends)

Question 2

Define absolute risk

Answer 2

Probability or chance of an event. It is usually used for the number of events (such as a disease) that occurred in a group, divided by the number of people in that group.

Question 3

Define relative risk

Answer 3

Ratio of the probability of an outcome in an exposed group to the probability of an outcome in an unexposed group. It is computed as , where is the incidence in the exposed group, and is the incidence in the unexposed group.

Question 4

Define odds risk

Answer 4

Measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. The OR represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure.

Question 5

Define attributable risk

Answer 5

Difference in the probability of disease in exposed people and the probability of disease in unexposed people.

Question 6

What are the types of epidemiological study? (mention sub types)

Answer 6

Observational - Descriptive and Analytical

Interventional/Experimental

Question 7

What is epidemiology?

Answer 7

The branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

Question 8

What is observational, descriptive epidemiology?

Answer 8

Concerned with observing the distribution and progression of health states in populations

Question 9

What is observational, analytical epidemiology?

Answer 9

Concerned with investigating hypotheses of causation suggested by descriptive studies

Question 10

What is interventional/experimental epidemiology?

Answer 10

Concerned with measuring the effect on the population of interventions / environmental influences

Question 11

Describe the steps in discovery of a causal association

Answer 11

Clinical observation - of a possible association between a disease and a putative risk factor
Descriptive studies - to establish association at a population level
Analytical studies - to establish temporal association
Experimental reproduction of the disease by the risk factor and elucidation of biological mechanisms in clinical and laboratory studies
Intervention studies to demonstrate that removal of the risk factor decreases incidence of disease