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IPED > ETHICS > Flashcards

ETHICS Flashcards

1
Q

3 values in slideshow

A

Compassion, Integrity, Veracity (Telling the truth), Trust … more on summary sheet
Fidelity – keeping promises, Respect for Life, Respect for Persons, Confidentiality, Family Relationships, Kindness, Health Care Relationships, Love

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2
Q

4 principles

A

Autonomy
Beneficence
Non-maleficence
Justice

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3
Q

3 major theories

A

1) Deontology or Formalism
2) consequentialism and Utilitarianism
3) The virtue-based theory (Virtue Ethics)

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4
Q

Ethics, ethical?

A

refers to judgments made about personal moral choices. Choices in ethics require justifications.

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5
Q

moral?

A

refers to personal decisions – often the unreflective result of personal upbringing, culture and societal norms.

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6
Q

Dr. Patel wants to help Anna,
which values?
which principles?

A

Compassion

Beneficence

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7
Q

Anna, the patient, is placing faith in Dr. Patel to provide her with expert opinion and to act in her best interests.
Which values?

A

Trust

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8
Q

Compassion:

A
  • feeling for the suffering of others

- the value of compassion is core to healthcare and motivates individuals and organizations to act in certain ways.

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9
Q

Integrity

A

– being true to core values in the face of conflict or other trials
- The values you display in your conduct with patients, colleagues and toward the legal obligations you have will be a direct reflection of your integrity as a healthcare professional

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10
Q

Veracity (Telling the truth):

A

Telling the truth to patients about their conditions, options for treatment, and prognosis are examples of this value. Telling the truth about a medical error,

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11
Q

Trust:

A
  • respecting the patients confidentiality, listening to their concerns and following through on our promises to them.
  • reliance on the integrity, strength, ability, surety, of a person or thing; confidence or
    confident expectation of something; hope.
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12
Q

Autonomy

A
  • “Self-rule” – respecting the choices of people (respect the capacity of individuals to choose their own vision of the good life and act accordingly)
  • also called respect for persons‘. It is the right to self determination, to make informed choices about your health and your life.
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13
Q

informed consent, a person be free from coercion

which principles?

A

Autonomy

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14
Q

Anna, the patient, desire and ability to choose the best option for oneself
which principles?

A

Autonomy

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15
Q

Pharmaceutical company - They should be able to recover their research costs. They can’t just offer the drug to Anna at little or no cost, without offering the same to all patients who need it.
Which principles

A

Autonomy

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16
Q

Dr. Patel is probably concerned about the potential side effects of a new medication
which principles?

A

Non-maleficence

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17
Q

Non-maleficence

A
  • not harming (refrain from harming other persons)

- “first do no harm” It is the obligation on the part of health care providers to avoid causing harm to their patients.

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18
Q

Justice

A
  • treating people fairly (act fairly, distribute benefits and burdens in an equitable fashion, and resolve disputes by means of fair procedures.
  • Also treat people in a non-discriminatory way.)
  • justice refers to a commitment to the fair distribution among persons the costs and benefits of medical resources
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19
Q

when we decide how to ethically provide access to healthcare for everyone in the country
Which principles?

A

Justice

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20
Q

not discriminate in your care based on patient characteristics such as age, sexual orientation, and economic circumstances
Which principle?

A

Justice

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21
Q

Dr Patel got to be worried about the cost, because that’s way more out-of-pocket expense than any patient can afford. If insurance covered this new medication, it might make healthcare costs go up for everybody, and that wouldn’t be fair”
Which principle?

A

Justice

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22
Q

Insurance company manage costs for all of the people they cover.
Which principle?

A

Justice

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23
Q

Deontology or Formalism

A
  • is concerned with what actions are right based on the actions themselves – not the moral agents
  • are theories based on our duties or obligations
  • begin with the assumption that what makes an action primarily right or wrong is some intrinsic property not of the moral agent but of the action itself.
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24
Q

The golden rule. “Treat others as you would wish to be treated.”
Which theory?

A

Deontology, also known as formalistic theory

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25
Q

Which 2 princiiples are examples of ethical principles that are formalistic in nature?

A

1) autonomy - respecting people’s choices
2) justice - treating them fairly
They are NOT concerned with outcomes or consequences – but with the nature of the actions themselves.

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26
Q

consequentialism and Utilitarianism

A
  • is concerned with the outcomes of certain actions.
  • focus on what one seeks toaccomplish with an action.
  • produce good conseq are good action
  • produce bad conseq are bad action.
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27
Q

Which 2 principles that are consequentialist in nature?

A

1) Promoting well-being beneficence

2) keeping people from harm, non-maleficence

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28
Q

The virtue-based theory (virtue ethics)

A
  • emphasizes the moral character of the persons involved in a particular action
  • presumed that morally appropriate decisions occur as a result of being
    decided by morally sensitive and skilled people
29
Q

when judging whether a particular action was ethical, a ______ would want to examine the moral qualities that motivated the individual.
which theory?

A

The virtue-based theory

30
Q

Profession:

4 characteristics

A

1) a distinctive body of
knowledge and skill
2) that contributes to important social benefits
3) whose members are
accorded extensive autonomy in matters pertaining to it and
4) whose members are regarded as having special obligations.
the moral
obligations are the result of this “promise” to put the welfare of patients before self-interest.

31
Q

Common virtues are which values and principles?

A

integrity, fairness, compassion, kindness, openness, and honesty

32
Q

Dax Case

A
  • burn and want to die. “Please Let Me Die”
  • Attempt suicide twice
  • recover but still believes the doctors were wrong to follow his mother’s wishes over his.
33
Q

In Dax case, a ______ theorist would be concerned about the ____ of the health professionals who ignored the patient’s pleas and stated wishes to be allowed to die
which theory?

A

Virtue theorist (virtue ethics)

moral character

34
Q

The Tuskegee case –

A
  • Syphilis – African men/women – human subject research
  • But healthcare professionals are called to respect their patients, keep them from harm, and treat them fairly. The healthcare professionals in the Tuskegee study fulfilled none of these obligations.
35
Q

In the Tuskegee case –

a ____ theorist consider the _____ of the researchers and the healthcare professionals who engaged in deception.

A

Virtue theorist (virtue ethics)

moral character

36
Q

The Cruzan case

A

girl in vegetative state for 8 years. right to die case, living will and power of attorney

37
Q

In Cruzan – a ____ theorist consider the _____ of the nursing home who didn’t want her to “starve” to death.

A

Virtue theorist (virtue ethics)

moral character

38
Q

Which theory believe “The end never justified the mean”?

A

Deontology or Formalism:

39
Q

Which theory is concerned with what actions are right based on the actions themselves - not the moral agents?

A

Deontology or Formalism:

40
Q
  • Respecting people’s choices or
  • treating them fairly.
    Which theory
A

formalistic in nature

41
Q

not concerned with the outcomes or or consequences –– but the nature of the actions themselves.

A

Deontology or Formalism

42
Q

In Dax’s case and Cruzan – respecting choices and in Tuskegee – not lying or being deceptive.
which theory?

A

Deontology or Formalism

43
Q

the ____ theorist instructs us to act so as to cause the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.

A

consequentialist theory is that theory known as utilitarianism

44
Q

In all of the landmark cases – Dax, Cruzan, and Tuskegee, questions about benefiting patients and keeping them from harm are questions that a _______ theorist would ask

A

Consequentialism and Utilitarianism:

45
Q

which theorist might ask what sorts of laws or policies are appropriate to bring about the most good and the least harm for the greatest number of people in end of life decision making and research?

A

Consequentialism and Utilitarianism:

46
Q

Beneficence –

A 
doing good (foster the interests and happiness of other persons and of society at
large)
47
Q

which principle apply to the consideration of access to care in the Tuskegee trial and discrimination against black men.

A

The principle of justice

48
Q

which principle involved in the case of Dax, Tuskegee and Cruzan where patient wants to die

A

respect for autonomy

49
Q

which principles (2) site the benefits and harms associated with prolonging the life of Dax and Nancy Beth Cruzan; the benefits of healthcare for the men in the Tuskegee study, or the harms from not receiving treatment

A

Beneficence –

NonMaleficence

50
Q

4 major approaches to ethics (methods)?

A

Principilism
Casuistry:
Narrative:
Feminist Ethics/ Ethics of Care

51
Q

Casuistry:

A
  • The method of casuistry employs case-based reasoning – comparing a new case to a similar paradigm case that has been resolved.
  • refer back to these 3 landmark cases.
52
Q

Narrative:

A
  • would be to emphasize the storytelling aspects of the “case” where the patient’s illness is the telling of a story that requires empathy and compassion.
  • illness narrative has many potential interpretations but that the patient is the ultimate author of his or her own text
  • the storytelling aspects of the “case”
53
Q

Feminist Ethics/ Ethics of Care

A

Feminist ethics would emphasize a concern for the welfare of all women and a belief that women have historically been – and continue to be – oppressed by patriarchal societies

54
Q

value equation

A 
Increased Quality/Safety (Beneficence & Non-maleficence) and Increased
Patient Centeredness (respect for patient autonomy) / Decreased Cost (Justice
55
Q

which principles (2) are Increased Quality/Safety

A

Beneficence & Non-maleficence

56
Q

which principle is increase Patient Centeredness

A

respect for patient autonomy

57
Q

which principle is Decreased Cost

A

Justice

58
Q

Differences Between Ethics and Law

not in objectives

A
  • Law provides for a minimally acceptable standard of conduct – does not call us to be the best we can be
  • Law explicitly grants health care professionals discretion in certain settings to exercise professional judgment
  • Law provides no clear guidance in some circumstances
  • Law and ethics may conflict
  • Ethics is the larger construct – we can always ask – is this a good law?
59
Q

provides no clear guidance in some circumstances (law or ethics)

A

law

60
Q

(law or ethics?) reflects an ethical consensus in society

A

law

61
Q

(law or ethics?) also provides guidance about what to do in clinical situations

A

law through statutes, regulations, and case decisions

62
Q

Which principle concern about the actions themselves?

A

Deontology or Formalism

63
Q

Which theory do NOT concerned with the outcomes or consequences – but the nature of the actions themselves.

A

Deontology or Formalism

64
Q

A person applying the approach of ____ would see if there were other similar cases that could serve as paradigm cases and compare them to the consideration of these cases similar.

A

casuistry

65
Q

What should happen rests on the formulation of an appropriate next chapter in the story – whether it’s the story of Dax, Nancy Beth Cruzan or the people in Tuskegee. Which method?

A

Narrative

66
Q

______ considers the emotional commitments and would emphasize the relationships in the lives of Dax, the Tuskegee men, and Nancy Beth Cruzan.
Which method

A

An ethics of care

Feminist Ethics/ Ethics of Care

67
Q

____ approach would emphasize the importance of focusing on the patient and the professional context of his or her relationships.

A

An ethics of care

Feminist Ethics/ Ethics of Care

68
Q

An ethics of care

Feminist Ethics/ Ethics of Care

A
  • emphasize the importance of focusing on the patient and professional on the context of his or her relationships
  • considers emotional commitments and a willingness to act unselfishly for the benefit of others

IPED (2 decks)

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