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Gen. Ed. > Ethics > Flashcards

Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

It states that moral judgments are not statement of facts but just expressions of positive and negative feelings; hence cannot be true or false.
a. Objectivism
b. Emotivism
c. Cognitivism
d. Utilitarianism

A

b. Emotivism

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2
Q

Which ethical theory is most concerned with the morality of actions based on their outcomes?
a. utilitarianism
b. Deontological ethics
c. Virtue ethics
d. Natural law

A

a. utilitarianism

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3
Q

Believes that the super natural being is the foundation of morality.
a. Extremism
b. Secularism
c. Supernaturalism
d. Naturalism

A

c. Supernaturalism

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4
Q

In moral philosophy, what does the “categorical imperative” demand?
a) You should act only according to maxims that you can will to become universal laws
b) You should act in a way that maximizes pleasure for yourself
c) You should always act in the interest of society as a whole
d) You should act in accordance with your emotions

A

a) You should act only according to maxims that you can will to become universal laws

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5
Q

On this stage of moral development, people make decisions on what is best for themselves without regard for other’s needs or feelings.
a. Obedience and Punishment Orientation
b. Individualism and Exchange
c. Social Contract and Individual Rights
d. Universal Principles

A

a. Obedience and Punishment Orientation

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6
Q

Explicit or understood regulations or principles governing conduct within a specific activity or sphere.
a. Moral Standards
b. Rules
c. Norms
d. Non-moral Standards

A

b. Rules

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7
Q

Which of the following is not a moral standard?
a. Honesty
b. Confidentiality
c. Dress code
d. Non-maleficence

A

c. Dress code

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8
Q

The belief and support for ideas that are very far from what most people consider correct or reasonable.
a. Extremism
b. Secularism
c. Supernaturalism
d. None of the options

A

a. Extremism

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9
Q

An ethical view that morality is absolute wherein it is based on moral facts and principles, rather than anything from the individual’s attitudes, beliefs, desires, etc.
a. Ethical Subjectivism
b. Moral Objectivism
c. Utilitarianism
d. Non-cognitivism

A

b. Moral Objectivism

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10
Q

On this “ideal” stage of moral development where only a few people ever reach, people adhere to a few abstract principles such as equality and respect but willingly disobey laws that violate their own ethical principles
a. Maintaining Social Order
b. Individualism and Exchange-
c. Good Interpersonal Relationship
d. Universal Principles

A

d. Universal Principles

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11
Q

Which of the following is an argument against ethical relativism?
a. It promotes universal moral principles
b. It denies the possibility of objective moral truths, which can lead to the acceptance of practices like oppression or discrimination
c. It relies too heavily on the consequences of actions
d. It overemphasizes the importance of individual autonomy

A

b. It denies the possibility of objective moral truths, which can lead to the acceptance of practices like oppression or discrimination

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12
Q

This refers to the innate ability and trait of Filipinos to be courteous and entertaining to their guests.
a. Pakikisama
b. Amor propio
c. Hospitality
d. Utang na loob

A

c. Hospitality

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13
Q

Rule utilitarianism claims that:
a. An act is right if and only if it maximizes the good.
b. An act is right if and only if it is based on good conscience.
c. An act is right if and only if it is universalizable.
d. An act is right if and only if the virtuous person would perform it.

A

a. An act is right if and only if it maximizes the good.

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14
Q

The situation involves two moral choices that conflict, but the individual has no idea which choice is the most morally acceptable. They don’t know which is the most ethically viable.
a. Epistemic moral dilemmas
b. Ontological moral dilemmas
c. Self-imposed moral dilemmas
d. World-imposed moral dilemmas

A

a. Epistemic moral dilemmas

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15
Q

As a moral system, it places emphasis on developing good habits of character, like kindness and generosity, and avoiding bad character traits or vices such as greed or hatred.
a. Virtue ethics
b. Normative ethics
c. Applied ethics
d. Social ethics

A

a. Virtue ethics

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16
Q

Which is the minimum requirement for morality?
a. Reason and Partiality
b. Logic and Reason
c. Freedom and Respect
d. Reason and Impartiality

A

d. Reason and Impartiality

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17
Q

The thesis the modernization will erode religious practice.
a. Extremism
b. Cut-flower thesis
c. Secularization theory
d. None of the options

A

c. Secularization theory

18
Q

Which of the following principles is a cornerstone of John Rawls’ theory of justice?
a. The greatest happiness principle
b. The difference principle, which allows inequalities only if they benefit the least advantaged members of society
c. The categorical imperative
d. The Golden Rule

A

b. The difference principle, which allows inequalities only if they benefit the least advantaged members of society

19
Q

According to this theory, no act is good or bad objectively and there is no single objective universal standard through which we can evaluate the truth of moral judgments.
a. Social Conditioning Theory
b. Moral standards as Social Convention
c. Cultural or Moral Relativism
d. Ethnocentrism

A

c. Cultural or Moral Relativism

20
Q

This is the act of judging another culture based on preconceptions that are found in the values and standards of one’s own culture.
a. Ethnocentrism
b. social conditioning
c. social convention
d. Universal principle

A

a. Ethnocentrism

21
Q

Ryan, a grade eleven student refrains from running in the hallway to avoid the consequences involved in violating the school rules. The situation refers to what stage of Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory?
a. Obedience and Punishment Orientation
b. Maintaining Social Order
c. Social Contract and Individual Rights
d. Universal Principles

A

a. Obedience and Punishment Orientation

22
Q

Filipino character which refers to lack of patriotism or active awareness, appreciation and love for the country. There is preference for foreign fashion, entertainment, lifestyles, technology, consumer items, etc.
a. Colonial mentality
b. Kanya-kanya syndrome
c. Crab mentality
d. Passivity

A

a. Colonial mentality

23
Q

The indispensable first step prior to any ethical analysis and reflection on the case.
a. Determine the ethical issues
b. Gather the facts
c. Compare the alternatives with the principles
d. Make a decision

A

b. Gather the facts

24
Q

Which of the following best describes the ethical principle of beneficence?
a) Acting with justice and fairness in all situations
b) Acting in the best interest of others, promoting their welfare
c) Acting according to religious commandments
d) Acting to avoid harm at all costs

A

b) Acting in the best interest of others, promoting their welfare

25
Q

According to Sartre, morality involves choice. Thus, which is the foundation of morality?
a. Democracy
b. Freedom
c. Human rights
d. All of the above

A

b. Freedom

26
Q

Rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical considerations.
a. Norms
b. Universal Standards
c. Moral Standards
d. Non-moral Standards

A

d. Non-moral Standards

27
Q

Involves the idea that each individual’s interests and point of view are equally important.
a. Reason
b. Freedom
c. Impartiality
d. Justice

A

c. Impartiality

28
Q

What is a key element of existentialist ethics, particularly as understood by Jean-Paul Sartre?
a. Life has an inherent meaning, and humans must follow a preordained path
b. Individuals are free to create their own meaning and must take responsibility for their choices
c. Morality is determined by societal rules and should be followed unquestioningly
d. People should act based on their emotions rather than rational thought

A

b. Individuals are free to create their own meaning and must take responsibility for their choices

29
Q

According to this theory, “Morality cannot survive, in the long run, if its ties to religion is cut.”:
a. Extremism
b. Cut-flower thesis
c. Secularization theory
d. None of the options

A

b. Cut-flower thesis

30
Q

Kant claims that an action is morally good only if…:
a. it conforms to the moral law.
b. it is done for the sake of the moral law.
c. both a and b.
d. neither a nor b.

A

c. both a and b.

31
Q

Linda has conjoined twins (two babies who are born physically connected) who need to undergo surgery. Linda has to choose which of her twins the doctors will save. This is an example of what kind of dilemma?
a. Ontological
b. Epistemic
c. Structural
d. Organizational

A

a. Ontological

32
Q

Which of the following best describes Cultural Relativism?
a. Societies fundamentally usually agree on moral issues
b. Morality usually is similar in every society as concepts of right and wrong is the same from culture to culture
c. There is a universal truth
d. Morality is culture-bound

A

d. Morality is culture-bound

33
Q

Who among the following philosophers holds that “justice should be distributed that would yield fairness for those who have more and those who have less”?
a. Jeremy Bentham
b. John Rawls
c. Thomas Aquinas
d. John Stuart-Mill

A

b. John Rawls

34
Q

This refers to the capacity for logical, rational and analytic thought and can be the basis for an action, decision or conviction.
a. Morality
b. Reason
c. Impartiality
d. Freedom

A

b. Reason

35
Q

Which of the following best describes the difference between act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism?
a) Act utilitarianism judges each action individually based on its consequences, while rule utilitarianism follows rules that generally promote the greatest good
b) Act utilitarianism focuses on duties, while rule utilitarianism focuses on outcomes
c) Act utilitarianism focuses on individual moral character, while rule utilitarianism focuses on societal laws
d) Act utilitarianism applies only to individual cases, while rule utilitarianism applies only to government policies

A

a) Act utilitarianism judges each action individually based on its consequences, while rule utilitarianism follows rules that generally promote the greatest good

36
Q

Maria is a working student who needs to support her studies while also providing for her family. However, circumstances have placed her in a position where she must choose between her studies and her work. As the breadwinner of the family, she chooses work over her studies. This is an example of what kind of dilemma?
a. Ontological
b. Epistemic
c. Structural
d. Organizational

A

b. Epistemic

37
Q

He regarded man as a rational being acting on a principle/maxim.
a. John Stewart Mills
b. Thomas Aquinas
c. Immanuel Kant
d. John Rawls

A

c. Immanuel Kant

38
Q

What matters in every act that we do would be the amount of pleasure/happiness produced. The greatest happiness produced should be chosen over other choices.
a. Virtue Ethics
b. Cognitivism
c. Utilitarianism
d. Kantian Ethics

A

c. Utilitarianism

39
Q

It is branch of philosophy that studies the rightness or wrongness of a human action.
a. Ethics
b. Morality
c. Etiquette
d. Norm

A

a. Ethics

40
Q

What is the “Golden Mean” in Aristotle’s virtue ethics?
a. A moral rule that must always be followed
b. The balance between excess and deficiency in behavior
c. A method for calculating ethical outcomes
d. A concept in religious ethics

A

b. The balance between excess and deficiency in behavior

Gen. Ed. (9 decks)

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