ETHICS (1&2) Flashcards
______ is a branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles
Ethics
Ethics is a branch of ______ that deals with _____ principles
knowledge; moral
School of ethics is based on what philosophy?
Western
Western philosophy ethics can be divided to:
- Work of Aristotle
- Kant
- Utilitarianism
Based on work of ______, holds that the qualities (such as justice, charity, and generosity) are dispositions to act in ways that benefit both the person possessing them and that person’s society.
Aristotle
Aristotle’s western philosophy work
acting in ways that benefit both the person possessing good qualities and the person’s society
Kant, makes the concept of ______ central to morality
duty
Kant principle
humans are bound, from a knowledge of their duty as rational beings, to obey the categorical imperative to respect other rational beings.
Utilitarianism asserts that the guiding principle of conduct should be the greatest ______or ______of the greatest number
happiness or benefit
Utilitarianism principle
guiding principle of conduct should be the greatest benefit or happiness of the greatest number
The term ethics derives from ancient Greek word ____,
ethikos; which itself is derived from the Greek word ethos, meaning “habit, custom”
Ethikos
derived from the greek word ethos, meaning “habit/custom”
now it’s the derivative of ethics
The field of ______, along with _____comprise the branch of philosophy called axiology
ethics along with aesthetics
Ethics and aesthetics make up what branch of philosophy
axiology
Ethics
Moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity
What do most people think of when they think of ethics?
- rules for distinguishing what’s right and what’s wrong
- a code of professional conduct
- religious creed
wise sayings, aphorisms and statements
Distinguishing between right and wrong, such as the ____________
Golden Rule
Code of professional conduct like the _____________
Hippocratic Oath
Religious creed like the ___________
Ten Commandments
Wise aphorisms like the _______________
Sayings of Confucius
Most common way of defining ethics would be:
norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
Ethical norms tend to be _______ and more _______ than legal laws
broader and more informal
Ethics and law are the same or not?
NOT THE SAME; something may be legal but unethical, or illegal but ethical
Honesty
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
- strive for honesty in all scientific communications.
- Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status.
- Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.
- Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.
Objectivity
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
This is a central philosophical concept, objective means being independent of the perceptions thus objectivity means the property of being independent from the perceptions, which has been variously defined by sources.
Integrity
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
The word integrity evolved from the Latin adjective integer, meaning whole or complete. In this context, integrity is the inner sense of “wholeness” deriving from qualities such as honesty and consistency of character.
Carefulness
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers.
Openness
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
Respect for Intellectual Property:
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
- Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property.
- Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission.
- Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research.
- Never plagiarize.
Confidentiality
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
Responsible Publication
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
- Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career.
- Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
Responsible Mentoring
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
Respect for colleagues
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
Social Responsibility:
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.
Non-Discrimination
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific competence and integrity.
Competence:
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
Legality:
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
Animal Care
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
Human Subjects Protection
one of the codes and policies for research ethics
When conducting research on human subjects:
1. minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits
- respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy
- take special precautions with vulnerable populations
- strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly.
Although codes, policies, and principals are very important and useful, like any set of rules, they do not .
cover every situation, THEY OFTEN CONFLICT, and they require considerable interpretation
It is therefore important for researchers to learn how to _______,______and ___________ and how to make decisions and to act ethically in various situations.
interpret, assess, and apply various research rules
The vast majority of decisions involve the straightforward application of _______ rules.
ethical
mice injection example
When does misconduct occur?
When researchers INTEND to deceive
Honest errors are __________________________________________________and ______ constitute misconduct.
related to sloppiness, poor record keeping, miscalculations, bias, self-deception, and even negligence. DO NOT CONSTITUTE THAT
Honest errors are __________________________________________________and ______ constitute misconduct.
related to sloppiness, poor record keeping, miscalculations, bias, self-deception, and even negligence. DO NOT CONSTITUTE THAT
Some “other deviations” from acceptable research practices include:
o Publishing or submitting the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
o Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
o Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
o Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
o Using data, ideas, or methods you learn about while reviewing a grant or a papers without permission
What are the steps that researchers can take to deal with ethical dilemmas in research??
5 steps:
- What is the problem or the issue
- What is the relevant information
- What are the different options
- How do ethical codes or policies as well as legal rules apply to these different options
- Are there any people who can offer ethical advice
It is always important to get a clear statement of the problem.
(steps that researchers can take to deal with ethical dilemmas in research
What is the problem or issue?
Many bad decisions are made as a result of poor information.
(steps that researchers can take to deal with ethical dilemmas in research
What is the relevant information?
People may fail to see different options due to a limited imagination, bias, ignorance, or fear.
(steps that researchers can take to deal with ethical dilemmas in research
What are the different options?
The university or funding agency may have policies on data management that apply to this case.
(steps that researchers can take to deal with ethical dilemmas in research
How do ethical codes or policies as well as legal rules apply to these different options?
It may be useful to seek advice from a colleague, a senior researcher, your department chair, an ethics or compliance officer, or anyone else you can trust.
(steps that researchers can take to deal with ethical dilemmas in research
Are there any people who can offer ethical advice?
What kind of questions should we ask if it’s really difficult to decide what to do ethically?
- Which choice will probably have the best overall consequences for science and society?
- Which choice could stand up to further publicity and scrutiny?
- Which choice could you not live with?
- Think of the wisest person you know. What would he or she do in this situation?
- Which choice would be the most just, fair, or responsible?
Most academic institutions in the US require undergraduate, graduate, or postgraduate students to have some education in the ___________(RCR)
Responsible conduct of research (RCR).
- The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Science Foundation (NSF) have both mandated what?
Training in research ethics for students and trainees.
