ETHICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

Question 1

Greek telos,
teleos “end” or “purpose”), so-
called because it stresses the end-
result, goal, or consequence of an
act as the determining factor of its
rightness and wrongness, is also
called consequential ethics.

Answer 1

Teleological Ethics

Question 2

(Greek telos,
teleos “__” or “___”),

Answer 2

end or purpose

Question 3

Teleological ethics (Greek telos,
teleos “end” or “purpose”), so-
called because it stresses the end-
result, goal, or consequence of an
act as the determining factor of its
rightness and wrongness, is also
called

Answer 3

Consequential Ethics

Question 4

(Greek deon,
deontos, discourse on duty or
obligation) stresses duty as the norm of moral actions, hence it is also known as duty ethics. It underscores the feature of the act or the kind of the act itself rather than the balance of harm and good-the value over the disvalue which is produced by the action.

Answer 4

Deontological Ethics

Question 5

Also known as moral relativism, this ethical doctrine claims that there are no universal or absolute moral principles (Munson 1979: 1-39; Pahl: 16-20).

Answer 5

Ethical Relativism

Question 6

is advocated by Joseph Fletcher, an American Protestant medical doctor and the author of Situation Ethics: The New Morality (1966). Prof. Fletcher mentions three approaches to morality: legalism, antinomianism, and situationism.

Answer 6

Situation Ethics

Question 7

is Fletcher’s preferred approach to the problem of morality. This ethical theory states that the moral norm depends upon a given situation, but whatever this situation may be, one must always act in the name of Christian love.

Answer 7

Situationism

Question 8

Situation ethics is advocated by ______, an American Protestant medical doctor and the author of Situation Ethics: The New Morality (1966). Prof. Fletcher mentions three approaches to morality: legalism, antinomianism, and situationism.

Answer 8

Joseph Fletcher,

Question 9

combines love and justice in treating ill patients. Health care professionals and personnel should not only be fair to patients; they should also show loving care and concern for them

Answer 9

Situational Ethics

Question 9

Six propositions

Answer 9

Proposition I: Only one thing is intrinsically good, namely love: nothing else.

Proposition II: The ultimate norm of Christian decisions is love: nothing else.

Proposition III: Love and justice are the same, for justice is love distributed.

Proposition IV: Love wills the neighbor’s good whether we like him or not.

Proposition V: Only the end justifies the means: nothing else.

Proposition VI: Decisions ought to be made situationally, not prescriptively.

Question 10

serves to check selfish motive as well as uncaring health personnel; it enjoins no preferential treatment for either erotic or filial considerations.

Answer 10

Agapeic love

Question 11

was a philosopher, physicist, mathematician, and the founder and inventor of the term pragmatism.

Answer 11

Charles Peirce

Question 11

Attributed to Charles Peirce (1839-1914) and William James (1842-1910), has been America’s most distinctive and major contribution to the world of philosophy:

Answer 11

Pragmatism

Question 12

earned a medical degree from Cambridge and taught anatomy and physiology at Harvard in 1873.

Answer 12

William James

Question 13

is more of a theory of knowledge, truth, and meaning than of morality.

Answer 13

Pragmatism

Question 14

Found in the writings of two English philosophers, Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this ethical doctrine states that the rightness or wrongness of actions is determined by the goodness and badness of their consequences.

Answer 14

Utilitarism

Question 15

holds that the true and valid form of knowledge is one which is practical, workable, beneficial, and useful.

Answer 15

Pragmatism

Question 16

Found in the writings of two English philosophers, ________and _______, this ethical doctrine states that the rightness or wrongness of actions is determined by the goodness and badness of their consequences.

Answer 16

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

Question 17

It claims that there is one and only one moral principle–that is, the principle of utility; formulated by Mill: “Actions are good insofar as they tend to promote happiness, bad as they tend to produce unhappiness”

Answer 17

Utilitarianism

Question 18

His ethical view is sometimes called deontologism for its emphasis on duty or obligation i.e., deontos in Greek.

Answer 18

Kant’s Ethics (Deontology)

Question 19

is a command or maxim that enjoins a person to do such and such an act without qualification: it thus lays down a universal rule which if followed, will ensure that the person is acting from a sense of duty.

Answer 19

Catergorical Imperative

Question 19

maintains that one acts morally (i.e., performs a moral act) if and only if one does whatever one is obliged to do

Answer 19

Kant

Question 20

Thus, what makes an act moral is its being ________, as distinguished from acts done for other reasons.

Answer 20

Done out of duty

Question 21

The former is one which we must always observe, irrespective of time and place or circumstances. That I should not harm or inflict injury upon others is a _____.

Answer 21

Perfect duty

Question 21

Two Types of Duty

Answer 21

Perfect and Imperfect

Question 22

The latter is one which we must observe only on some occasions. That I should show love and compassion occasionally to others, based on my own choice, is an ______.

Answer 22

Imperfect DUty

Question 23

a British Aristotlean scholar and moral philosopher, presented a rule-deontological theory in his book The Right and the Good

Answer 23

William David Ross (b. 1877)

Question 24

If and when moral rules come into conflict in particular situations, how are we to determine which one applies? To resolve this question, Ross makes a distinction between an ___________ and __________

Answer 24

actual duty and a prima facie duty

Question 25

The former is one’s real duty in a given situation. It is the action one ought to choose from among many other actions.

Question 26

The _____ (which in Latin means “at first view,” or so far as it appears) is one that directs or commands what one ought to perform when other relevant factors are not taken into account.

Answer 26

Latter

Question 27

According to Ross, “__________________-“ In other words, my actual duty in the situation is determined by an examination of the weight of both prima facie duties in conflict.

Answer 27

“Do whichever act is more of a duty.

Question 28

Two principles by which to resolve cases of conflicting duties.

Answer 28

First, act in accordance with the stronger, more stringent or more severe prima facie duty.

Second, act in accordance with the prima facie duty, which has a greater balance of rightness over wrongness compared to other prima facie duties.

Question 29

For Ross, we have to rely on our _______ (hence, his view is also known as intuitionism) as the ultimate guide in particular cases.

Answer 29

Moral Institutions & Intuitionism

Question 30

Ross has listed down seven types of prima facie duties:

Answer 30

(I) duty of fidelity,
(2) the duty of reparation,
(3) the duty of gratitude,
(4) the duty of justice,
(5) the duty of beneficence,
(6) the duty of self- improvement, and
(7) the duty of nonmaleficence (i.e., noninfliction of harm).

Question 30

Every individual is inviolable. This inviolability, which is founded on justice, is so sacrosanct that not even the general welfare of society can override and supersede.

Answer 30

Rawl’s Theory of Justice

Question 31

Rawls speaks of a two-fold principle of justice:

Answer 31

First, equal access to the basic human rights and liberties

The second principle is: Fair equality of opportunity and the equal distribution of socio-economic inequalities.

Question 32

WHAT PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE?

his principle defines and secures equal liberties of citizenship.
Our basic rights and liberties
As it appears, the first principle guarantees a system of equal rights and liberties for every citizen; it prohibits the bartering away of liberty for social or monetary considerations.

Answer 32

First, equal access to the basic human rights and liberties

Question 33

Aware of the need for principles that bind and guide individuals in making moral decisions, Rawls cites four types of duties:

Answer 33

(1) fairness in our dealings with others,
(2) fidelity,
(3) respect for persons, and
(4) beneficence

Question 33

WHAT PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE?

As much as the availability of resources will allow, everyone should be given an opportunity for self-development or to receive medical treatment.

This principle deals more with the distribution of social goods and/or medical resources than with liberty.

Answer 33

The second principle is: Fair equality of opportunity and the equal distribution of socio-economic inequalities.

Question 34

In addition, he also mentions what he calls “______”:
(1) the duty of justice,
(2) the duty of helping others in need or in jeopardy,
(3) the duty not to harm or injure others, and
(4) the duty to keep our promises.

Answer 34

Natural Duties

Question 35

This ethical doctrine assumes many names:
Thomistic Ethics
Scholastic Ethics
Christian Ethics (and/or Roman Catholic Ethics)
Natural Law Ethics

Answer 35

Natural Law Ethics

Question 36

it claims that there exists a natural moral law which is manifested by the natural light of human reason, demanding the preservation of the natural order and forbidding its violation

Answer 36

Nature Law Ethics

Question 37

In Aquinas’s view, the source of the moral law is _____.
In its operation, reason recognizes the basic principle ________
He used the term ______ to describe this inherent capacity of every individual, lettered or unlettered, to distinguish the good from the bad.
This is the basis of Aquinas’s argument that certain moral principles are objective and can be found in the nature of things through reason and reflection.

Answer 37

reason itself, “Do good, avoid evil.” , synderesis

Question 37

Interpreters of St. Thomas’s moral doctrine regard __________ as the moral norm, insofar as an individual’s natural capacity to determine what is right from what is wrong

Answer 37

right reason or the voice of reason

Question 38

short, the moral law is the dictate of the ________; and this dictate is expressed in the moral principle “The good must be done, and evil, avoided”

Answer 38

voice of reason

Question 39

Other Thomists would view the _________ as the __________-, insofar as the latter refers to the immediate judgment of practical reason applying the general principle of morality (“Do good, avoid evil”) to individual concrete actions or decisions.

Answer 39

voice of reason as the voice of conscience,

Question 41

Man’s Threefold Natural Inclination

Answer 41

We have three natural inclinations:
(1) self-preservation,
(2) just dealings with others, and
(3) propagation of our species.

Question 42

What are the Ethical Schools of Thought

Answer 42

Ethical Relativism
Situation Ethics
Pragmatism
Utilitarianism
Kant’s Ethics
Ross’s Ethics
Rawl’s Theory of Justice
Natural Law Ethics