Ethical Issues in healthcare research

Question 1

How do you approach making it easier for patients to tell you private and intimate details in the practice setting

Answer 1

Allow ample amount of time
ensure patient is in a private area

guarantee patient confidentiality anonymity in paper

Question 2

What barriers exist to gaining a full and frank insight into thoughts and feelings of the patients where you work?

Answer 2

Interviewer Bias

The presence of other people and inability to provide privacy

Issues of time

Use of professional language

Power relationships

Question 3

Why is ethical approval needed?

Answer 3

To ensure the protection of both the Researcher and the participants

To assess adherence to ethical standards

Question 4

Define the ethical principle of beneficence?

Answer 4

Principle of conveying benefit (to do good)

Question 5

Define the ethical principle of non-maleficence?

Answer 5

principle of protecting individuals (to do no harm)

Question 6

Define the ethical principle of autonomy?

Answer 6

the right to self-determination, respect, dignity and informed consent

Question 7

Define the ethical principle of justice?

Answer 7

the right to fair treament and to privacy and confidentiality which uphold fairness

Question 8

List examples of beneficent acts

Answer 8

care

compassion

empathy

sympathy

altruism

kindness

Question 9

What training must the reaseacher have before udertaking ethical research?

Answer 9

the reseaercher must be trained and qualified in the particular research method

Must have GCP (either CTIMPS or Non-CTIMPS training a.k.a Good Clinical Practice

Question 10

What is CTIMPS and Non-CITIMPS?

Answer 10

Both are training pathways within the NHS GCP training scheme.

CTIMPS (clinical trials an investigation of medical product) which usually for RCTs, quantitative research investigating treaments drugs etc.

Non-CTIMPS

Question 11

What is CTIMPS and Non-CITIMPS?

Answer 11

Both are training pathways within the NHS GCP training scheme.

CTIMPS (clinical trials an investigation of medical product) which usually for RCTs, quantitative research investigating treaments drugs etc.

Non-CTIMPS usualy for qualittatitive studies or basic quantitative studies involving surveys

Question 12

What code of ethics must a researcher adhere to?

Answer 12

nuremberg code

decleration of helsinski

Question 13

What are the nuremberg code’s ethical guideline for research?

Answer 13

Voluntary consent is essential

The results of any experiment must be for the greater good of society

Human experiments should be based on previous animal experimentation

Experiments should be conducted by avoiding physical/mental suffering and injury

No experiments should be conducted if it is believed to cause death/disability

The risks should never exceed the benefits

Adequate facilities should be used to protect subjects

Experiments should be conducted only by qualified scientists

Subjects should be able to end their participation at any time

The scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment when injury, disability, or death is likely to occur

Question 14

How many ethical considerations are there in the nuremberg code?

Answer 14

10

Question 15

What is the nuremberg code?

Answer 15

a series of principles for researches to protect human subjects from enduring cruelty harm etc

Question 16

What is the nuremberg code?

Answer 16

a series of principles for researches to protect human subjects from enduring cruelty harm suffering etc

Question 17

List 6 groups which may be counted as vulnerable in terms of ethical research?

Answer 17

young children

elderly

mentally incapacitated patients

psychiatric patients
mentally ill patients

terminally ill patients

learning disables

embryo and foetuses

Question 18

Can researchers give their own practical guidance or help id the participants ask for it

Answer 18

No this against code of ethics.

Researcher should instead prepare a list of bodies or organisation in case the participant is in need of it during the study.

Question 19

What is the decleration of hesinski?

Answer 19

a series of ethical principles for researchers to adhere to for medical research involving human subjects, identifiable human material and data

Question 20

When was the decleration of hesinski last reviewed?

Answer 20

last reviewed in 2013

Question 21

What is a research participant?

Answer 21

individuals who volunteer or are volunteered to take part in research

Question 22

What is agency?

Answer 22

agency is a form of participation which also gives the participants an active decision making role. partcipants have a moure autonomous role.

Question 23

How many factors make up Hart’s ladder of partcipation?

Answer 23

8

Question 24

What factor in Hart’s Ladder of partcipation gives participants the most agency?

Answer 24

partcipant-initiated shared decisions with researcher

Question 25

Which factor in Hart’ ladder of participation gives participants the least agency?

Answer 25

Manipulation

Question 26

What is privacy in ethical research?

Answer 26

retales to preventing undue intrusion into participants personal lives

Question 27

What is confidentiality in ethical research?

Answer 27

relates to protection of the partcipants identity and personal details when collecting storing and disseinating data.

Question 28

What is a PIS?

Answer 28

Participatin ifromation sheets

Question 29

What is dissemination of research?

Answer 29

process of spreading research findings to wider audience