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Psychology - IN FOCUS Issues and debates in Psychology > Ethical implications of research studies and theories > Flashcards

Ethical implications of research studies and theories Flashcards

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1
Q

What does ethical implications and social sensitivity concern?

A

The consequences that psychological research may have

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2
Q

True/False: Some areas of research have greater social sensitivity than others

A

True

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3
Q

Research on long-term memory in a student population is/isn’t likely to have consequences for individual participants or for the broader social groups the participants represent

A

isn’t

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4
Q

Research on long-term memory is unlikely to have consequences for broader social groups that participants represent - in fact, the participants may not…

A

‘represent’ a social group. Participants may be drawn from many different social groups

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5
Q

True/False: There are likely to be consequences for social policy from research on long-term memory in a student population

A

False, there aren’t

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6
Q

Study on depression may have consequences in terms of…

A

individual participants, the wider social group they represent and for social policy

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7
Q

Why may study on depression have consequences in terms of individual participants?

A

May reveal personal information later accessed by a prospective employer

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8
Q

If findings of a study suggested that people with depression never fully recover, how could this negatively effect employment?

A

Employers may see they are a risk as an employee

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9
Q

In terms of social policy, the findings of a study on depression could inform…

A

preferred treatment options recommended by the NHS

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10
Q

True/False: Even seemingly innocuous research may have consequences in terms of exam policy, such as studies on long-term memory in students

A

True

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11
Q

True/False: Socially sensitive research can have benefits for the group who have been studied

A

True

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12
Q

Socially sensitive research can have benefits for the group who have been studied, for example…

A

homosexuality

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13
Q

In ____ the DSM-1 listed homosexuality as a ‘sociopathic personality disorder’

A

1952

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14
Q

In 1952 the ___-_ listed homosexuality as a ‘sociopathic personality disorder’

A

DSM-1

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15
Q

In 1952 the DSM-1 listed _____________ as a ‘sociopathic personality disorder’

A

homosexuality

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16
Q

In 1952 the DSM-1 listed homosexuality as a…

A

‘sociopathic personality disorder’

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17
Q

When was homosexuality no longer classified as a ‘sociopathic personality disorder’?

A

1973

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18
Q

Homosexuality no longer being classed as a ‘sociopathic personality disorder’ has been credited to what?

A

The Kinsey report

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19
Q

The Kinsey report was based on…

A

anonymous interviews with over 5000 men about their sexual behaviour

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20
Q

Kinsey et al. (1948) concluded that homosexuality is a…

A

typical expression of human sexual behaviour

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21
Q

The Kinsey report also included data on interviews with ____ women

A

6000

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22
Q

The Kinsey report also included data on interviews with 6000…

A

women

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23
Q

Why did the Kinsey report including data on interviews with 6000 women cause outrage at the time?

A

These were topics that no one discussed

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24
Q

The fact that homosexuality was removed from the DSM-1 as a ‘sociopathic personality disorder’ illustrates the importance of…

A

researchers tackling topics that are sensitive

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25
Q

True/False: Socially sensitive research could have negative consequences for groups being studied

A

True

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26
Q

Socially sensitive research could have negative consequences for groups being studied, of which in some cases…

A

could’ve been anticipated

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27
Q

True/False: Research investigating the genetic basis of criminality has found that there is no such thing as a ‘criminal gene’

A

False, there is evidence for this

28
Q

If it is true that there is a ‘criminal gene’, we must consider if…

A

someone could be convicted on the basis that they have such a gene or if they should be excused because they cannot be held responsible

29
Q

The fact that there could be negative consequences for groups being studied suggests that there is a need for…

A

very careful consideration of the possible outcomes and their consequences when researching socially sensitive topics

30
Q

Poor research design may lead to _________ findings

A

erroneous

31
Q

Poor research design may lead to _________ findings that once in the public arena they…

A

continue to have an impact

32
Q

Even after the fraud behind Burt’s 11+ exam was exposed, the 11+…

A

continued to be used and still is used as a selection tool in parts of the UK today

33
Q

The 11+ is still used as a selection tool in parts of the UK today, such as…

A

Kent and Belfast

34
Q

Access to many independent schools is based on a child’s performance in…

A

the 11+

35
Q

The fact that access to many independent schools is based on a child’s performance in the 11+ is likely based on the reasoning that…

A

genetic potential has revealed itself by this age

36
Q

Any research on socially sensitive topics need to be planned with the greatest care to ensure…

A

the findings are valid because of the effects on particular groups of people

37
Q

Any research on socially sensitive topics need to be planned with the greatest care to ensure the findings are valid because of…

A

the effects on particular groups of people

38
Q

All psychological research has potential consequences but this applies to which kind of research in particular?

A

Socially sensitive research

39
Q

Which stages of planning and conducting studies are important when thinking of social sensitivity?

A

All stages, including later in handling the findings

40
Q

Sieber and Stanley (1988) warn that the way in which research questions are phrased and investigated may…

A

influence the way in which findings are interpreted

41
Q

Kitzinger and Coyle (1995) note how research into relationships has been guilty of a form of ‘…

A

‘heterosexual bias’

42
Q

Kitzinger and Coyle (1995) note how research into relationships has been guilty of a form of ‘heterosexual bias’ within which…

A

homosexual relationships were compared and judged against heterosexual norms

43
Q

Give 2 examples of issues that may be especially important in socially sensitive research

A

Any 2 from informed consent, confidentiality, psychological harm, etc.

44
Q

Why is a study on domestic abuse an example of socially sensitive research?

A

Participants may worry that an ex-partner will find out about the study - this is likely to be extremely stressful for participants to describe their experiences

45
Q

Although participants in a study on domestic abuse may provide informed consent at the start of the study, they may not…

A

fully understand the effect of the research

46
Q

Researchers should consider in advance how research findings may be…

A

used

47
Q

Why should researchers consider in advance how research findings may be used?

A

It may impact on what data they actually collect

48
Q

Researchers should consider in advance how research findings may be used. This is especially important because…

A

findings from research may be seen as giving scientific credence to existing prejudices such as studies examining the ethnic basis of intelligence

49
Q

S________ i__________ is exactly what the media tend to be interested in and will publicise

A

sensitive information

50
Q

Why did Owen’s research on people in a minimally conscious state receive enormous media attention at the time?

A

It appeared he had made contact with patients who were thought to be ‘unreachable’

51
Q

Give an example of a group that relies on research related to socially sensitive issues

A

Policymakers

52
Q

Give 2 examples of subject areas of research that the government may look at when developing important social policies

A

Any 2 from decisions related to childcare, education, mental health provision, crime, etc.

53
Q

It is clearly preferable to base policies on socially sensitive issues on scientific research rather than…

A

politically-motivated views

54
Q

Why are there independent groups such as the ONS in the UK?

A

It is preferable to base policies regarding socially sensitive issues on scientific research rather than politically-motivated views

55
Q

ONS

A

Office for National Statistics

56
Q

The office for national statistics describe themselves as being responsible for…

A

collecting, analysing and disseminating objective statistics regarding society and the population

57
Q

The office for national statistics describe themselves as being responsible for collecting, analysing and disseminating objective statistics concerning who?

A

Society and the population

58
Q

The fact that the government looks to research when developing important social policies means that psychologists have an…

A

important role to play in providing high quality research on socially sensitive topics

59
Q

True/False: People appear to be avoiding socially sensitive research

A

True

60
Q

In ____, the APA reported that ethical committees approved 95% of non-sensitive proposals that didn’t include ethical problems

A

2001

61
Q

In 2001, the ___ reported that ethical committees approved 95% of non-sensitive proposals that didn’t include ethical problems

A

APA

62
Q

In 2001, the APA reported that ethical committees approved __% of non-sensitive proposals that didn’t include ethical problems

A

95

63
Q

In 2001, the APA reported that ethical committees approved 95% of non-sensitive proposals that didn’t include ethical problems, whereas ‘sensitive’ proposals were only approved about __% of the time

A

50

64
Q

What did Sieber and Stanley advice regarding socially sensitive research?

A

Ignoring such topics is not a responsible approach

65
Q

One way of dealing with socially sensitive research instead of avoiding it is to follow…

A

qualitative researchers who are more up-front about their own biases and are reflexive in their approach

66
Q

One way of dealing with socially sensitive research is to follow qualitative researchers who are more up-front about their own biases and are reflexive in their approach. What does this mean?

A

They reflect on how personal beliefs affect the research process

67
Q

We need to consider if it’s possible to research socially sensitive topics…

A

ethically

Psychology - IN FOCUS Issues and debates in Psychology (4 decks)

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