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Ethics in Technology > Ethical Decision-Making > Flashcards

Ethical Decision-Making Flashcards

1
Q

What are five good reasons for a business to pursue CSR goals?

A
  1. Gain the goodwill of the community
  2. Create an organization that operates consistently
  3. Fostering good business practices
  4. Protecting the organization and its employees from legal action
  5. Avoiding unfavourable publicity
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2
Q

How does the textbook view Edward Snowden?

A

While Snowden violated existing legal regulations due to unauthorized access to NSA servers and the consequent release of classified data, he acted out of good will and followed his moral duty.

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3
Q

Virtue

A

A HABIT that inclines people to do what is acceptable.

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4
Q

How is utilitarianism a form of consequentialism?

A

Utilitarianism is consequential because it requires the evaluation of the morality of actions on the basis of probable outcomes or consequences.

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5
Q

What is a corporate ethics officer?

A

CEthO aligns the practices of a workplace with the stated ethics and beliefs of that workplace, holding people accountable to ethical standards.

Well respected senior manager who reports directly to CEO.

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6
Q

What is Bentham’s conception of utility?

A

The highest good results from a maximum of pleasure for all people concerned in any moral decision.

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7
Q

What was the principle of “respondeat superior” established in United States v. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Co. (1909)?

A

An employer can be held responsible for the acts of its employees even if the employees act in the manner contrary to the corporate policy and their employer’s directions.

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8
Q

Under which conditions should an organization not be held criminally liable for the misconduct of its employees?

A

An organization should not be held criminally liable for the misconduct of its employees if such an organization acted as a responsible corporate citizen and demonstrated strong effort to prevent and detect the misconduct in the workplace.

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9
Q

How did John Stuart Mill respond to critics of Bentham?

A

The Greatest Happiness Principle: action is good which creates the greatest happiness, and the least unhappiness, for the greatest number … from the perspective of a “perfectly disinterested benevolent spectator.”

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10
Q

What is Intel’s Code of Conduct?

A
  1. Conduct business with honesty and integrity.
  2. Follow the letter and the spirit of the law.
  3. Treat each other fairly.
  4. Act in the best interests of Intel and avoid conflicts of interest.
  5. Protect the company’s assets and reputation.
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11
Q

How does Aristotle view virtue and vice?

A

Virtues are good habits contributing to a flourishing life.

Vices are bad habits that diminish your happiness.

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12
Q

What % of instances of reported misconduct are managers responsible for?

A

60%

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13
Q

How does the textbook view Amazon work culture?

A

Managers were overzealous in implementing legal regulations and neglected the human aspect of business practice. Employees were treated as a means to success rather than as human beings with intrinsic worth.

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14
Q

What are the four ethical issues of the Information Age?

A

PAPA

Privacy: someone has revealed information they hold intimate

Accuracy: people finding out that the information upon which their living depends is in error

Property: lose personal information without being compensated for it

Accessibility: people are precluded access to information which is of value to them

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15
Q

Software Piracy

A

A form of copyright infringement involving making copies of software or enabling others to access software to which they are not entitled.

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16
Q

What are the ethical framework responses to motivation?

A

Deontology:
The aim is to perform the right action.

Consequentialism:
The aim is to produce the most good.

Virtue:
The aim is to develop one’s character.

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17
Q

Deontology

A

To do what is morally right is to do one’s duty (per Kant)

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18
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Different cultures employ different norms or standards.

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19
Q

In what ways can management retaliate against employees who report ethical misconduct?

A

Reduced hours
Transfer to less desirable jobs
Delays in promotions

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20
Q

What is Kant’s universal rational foundation for morality?

A

Absolute moral rules / maxims

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21
Q

Altruism

A

The morally correct action always best serves the interests of others.

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22
Q

What are the ethical framework responses to deliberate process?

A

Deontology:
What are my obligations in this situation, and what are the things I should never do?

Consequentialism:
What kind of outcomes should I produce or try to produce?

Virtue:
What kind of person should I be or try to be, and what will my actions show about my character?

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23
Q

Vice

A

A HABIT of unacceptable behaviour.

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24
Q

What are Aristotle’s virtues?

A
  1. Courage
  2. Temperance
  3. Justice
  4. Liberality / generosity
  5. Magnificence / living well
  6. Pride
  7. High mindedness
  8. Aspiration
  9. Gentleness
  10. Truthfulness
  11. Friendliness
  12. Modesty
  13. Righteous indignation
  14. Wittiness
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25
Q

What is the most telling objection to utilitarianism?

A

It can be used to morally sanction a tyranny of the majority.

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26
Q

Ethical egoism

A

Thesis that whether or not people always act from selfish motives, they should if they want to be moral.

27
Q

Code of Ethics

A

States the principles and core values that are essential to one’s work.

28
Q

Supply chain sustainability

A

A component of CSR that focuses on developing and maintaining a supply chain that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs (fair labour practices, energy and resource conservation, human rights, etc.)

29
Q

What are the ethical framework responses to ethical conduct?

A

Deontology:
Ethical conduct involves always going the right thing and never failing to do ones duty.

Consequentialism:
Ethical conduct is the action that will achieve the best consequences.

Virtue:
Ethical conduct is whatever a fully virtuous person would do in the same circumstances.

30
Q

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

A

The concept that an organization should act ethically by taking RESPONSIBILITY for the IMPACT of its actions on stakeholders, customers, employees, environment, community, and suppliers.

31
Q

What is teleology?

A

Teleology refers to the notion that some things and processes are best understood by considering their goals / end.

32
Q

Integrity

A

A person who acts with integrity acts in accordance with the personal code of principles.

33
Q

What are the responsibilities of a corporate ethics officer?

A
  1. Responsibility for compliance: ensuring ethical procedures are put into place and consistently adhered to throughout the organization.
  2. Responsibility to create and maintain the ethics culture envisioned by the highest level of corporate authority.
  3. Responsibility for being a key knowledge and contact person on issues relating to corporate ethics and principles.
34
Q

Psychological egoism

A

Thesis that people always act from selfish motives, whether they should or not.

35
Q

Why have many IT manufacturers made supply chain sustainability a priority?

A

These policies allow IT companies to sell their products in the European Union.

36
Q

Rule utilitarianism

A

General rules that will produce good outcomes are first determined rationally and then followed.

37
Q

What are laws?

A

Rules of mutual agreement

System of rules that dictate what a person can and cannot do.

38
Q

What actions can an organization take to improve business ethics?

A
  1. Appoint a corporate ethics offer
  2. Require a board of directors to set and model high ethical standards
  3. Establish a corporate code of ethics
  4. Conduct social audits
  5. Require employees to take ethics training
  6. Include ethical criteria in employee appraisals
  7. Create and effectively manage an ethical working environment
39
Q

What are Hobbes’ two fundamental facts about human nature?

A
  1. They are all selfish.

2. They can only survive by banding together.

40
Q

According to the 2013 National Ethics Business Survey, what is the greatest positive trend in the implementation of good corporate ethics?

A

Decreased percentage of employees saying they witnessed a violation of the law or ethical standards on the job.

41
Q

Hedonism

A

The view that pleasure is the greatest good for human beings. To be moral is to live a life that produces the most pleasure and avoids pain. Epicurus taught to cultivate natural and necessary pleasures (e.g., sleeping and moderate eating), enjoy natural but unnecessary pleasures (e.g., drinking wine or playing chess) in moderation, and avoid all others.

42
Q

What is the effect of globalization on business ethics?

A

Globalization has created a much more complex work environment, making it more difficult to apply principles and codes of ethics consistently.

43
Q

What is moral relativism?

A

Argument that all norms and values are relative to the cultures in which they are created and expressed.

44
Q

Utilitarianism

A

The theory of morality that responds specifically to deontology by insisting that morality and happiness are not opposites but the very same thing.

45
Q

What are five steps to ethical decision-making?

A
  1. Develop a problem statement:
    A clear concise description of the issue that needs to be addressed (what do people observe that leads them to think there’s a problem? who is directly affected? anyone else? how often does the problem occur? what is the impact? how serious?)
    Don’t make assumptions
    Verify “facts” for validity
    A possible solution is not a problem statement
  2. Identify alternatives:
    Enlist the help of others, offering the problem statement and information on the issue before brainstorming
  3. Choose alternative:
    Defensible, consistent, consider impact on others
    Effectiveness, extent of risk, timing to implement
  4. Implement decision:
    Transition plan
    Why are we doing this? what is wrong with the current way we are doing things? what are the benefits of the new way for you?
  5. Evaluate results:
    Poor alternative?
    Bad implementation?
46
Q

What are virtue ethics?

A

Focus not on the RULES for good or bad actions, but on the QUALITIES of morally excellent persons.

One appeal of virtue ethics is that it insists on the context of moral deliberations.

47
Q

What does Section 135 of the India Companies Act of 2013 require?

A

All companies with net worth, revenue, or net profit above certain established thresholds must spend at least 2% of their average net profit of the preceding three years on CSR activities.

48
Q

What is the prevalent moral code of Homer?

A

Help to friends and harm to enemies.

49
Q

Moral value system

A

A person’s virtues and vices, and CHARACTER, help define their personal value system.

50
Q

5 Reasons to Pursue CSR Goals

A
  1. To gain the goodwill of the community.
  2. To create an organization that operates consistently.
  3. To foster good business practices.
  4. To protect the organization and its employees from legal action.
  5. To avoid unfavourable publicity.
51
Q

Egoism

A

The salient moral question is how do I best benefit myself?

52
Q

What is the moral code of Socrates?

A

No person should ever willingly do evil.

53
Q

How does the textbook view Volkswagen?

A

VW corporate culture made engineers believe that corporate did not expect them to act with integrity; leading to moral failure at the design and leadership levels (software cheating on emissions tests).

54
Q

Ethics

A

A CODE of behaviour defined by the GROUP to which an individual belongs; conforming to generally accepted norms.

Also, the systematic study of moral codes.

55
Q

What resource is best used in order to reconcile legal and ethical requirements in a difficult business case?

A

A professional code of ethics

56
Q

What is the Aristotelian golden mean?

A

Your good lies between the extremes of the deficiency of an activity and it’s excess. Healthy virtue lies in moderation.

57
Q

Morals

A

The PERSONAL principles upon which an individual bases his/her DECISIONS about what is right and what is wrong; core beliefs formed and adhered to by the individual.

58
Q

What are the ethical framework responses to focus?

A

Deontology:
Deontology directs attention to duties that exist prior to the situation and determines obligations.

Consequentialism:
Consequentialism directs attention to the future effects of an action for all people who will be directly or indirectly affected by the action.

Virtue:
Virtue attempts to discern character traits (virtues or vices) that are or could be motivating the people involved in the situation.

59
Q

What is John Rawls’ conception of justice?

A

Justice is fairness; the moral society distributes its goods in a way that helps the least advantaged of its members.

60
Q

Categorical imperative

A

The fundamental principle of Kantian morality. Reason demands consistency and rejects contradiction. Kant argued that the moral principle humans should follow must preserve consistency in all cases and prevent any possibility of contradiction. “Act only on that maxim such that the maxim of your action can be willed to be a universal law.”

61
Q

What is the most common form of employee misconduct?

A

Misuse of company time.

62
Q

Preference utilitarianism

A

Simply ask every person involved for their preference, in order to create the most happiness for others.

63
Q

Bathsheba syndrome

A

The moral corruption of people in power, which is often facilitated by a tendency for people to look the other way when their leaders act inappropriately.

Ethics in Technology (2 decks)

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