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Ethics > Ethic Theories > Flashcards

Ethic Theories Flashcards

1
Q

What are moral principles?

A

Laws that govern our behavior

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2
Q

What is the purpose of moral principles?

A

Guide us in choosing a course of action

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3
Q

What is morality?

A
  • Principles, guidelines, and standards of right/wrong or good/bad conduct
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4
Q

What are 3 types of morality?

A
  • Personal morality
  • Societal morality
  • Morality of health professions - PT as moral agent
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5
Q

What are 8 influences on our ideas of morality?

A
  • Religious teaching
  • Culture
  • Philosophy
  • Parents
  • Family
  • Friends
  • School
  • Media
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6
Q

What are the 3 types of ethical problems?

Which type is right vs wrong?
Which type is right vs right?
Which type means you know something is wrong, but you cannot change it?

A
  • Ethical distress: Right vs right
  • Ethical dilemmas: Right vs wrong
  • Locus of authority challenges: Don’t have power to change
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7
Q

What helps guide our action during ethical dilemmas when serious loss or gain may occur no matter the chosen course of action?

A

Ethical theory guides us to the right or more right choice

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8
Q

What are the 2 ethical theories?

A
  • Teleological - Utilitarianism

- Deontological - Duty

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9
Q

What is the focus of telelogical theories?

A
  • The end or outcome/ consequence of the actions

- Tele = end

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10
Q

What is the moral task in life according to teleological ethical theory?

A
  • Produce as much good as you can
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11
Q

What are the 3 “schools of thought” of teleological theories?

A
  • Utilitarianism
  • Hedonism
  • Pluralism
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12
Q

What is the good and bad in utilitarianism?

A

Good: Happiness
Bad: Unhappiness

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13
Q

What determines if an act is useful in utilitarianism?

A

If it brings about the best consequences overall

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14
Q

What is good and bad according to hedonism?

A

Good: Pleasure
Bad: Pain

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15
Q

Why is palliative care ethical according to hedonism?

A

Relief from pain and suffering is a desirable goal

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16
Q

What is good and bad according to pluralism?

A

Good: Variety of other values (knowledge, beauty, freedom, etc…)
Bad: According to variety of other values

17
Q

What are 4 criticisms of teleological theories?

A
  • Must be able to predict consequences (good intentions not enough)
  • Defining happiness is problematic
  • Happiness is different for each person
  • Difficult to measure or compare happiness to decide on the greatest net happiness
18
Q

What are deontological theories based on?

A
  • Obligations
  • Duties
  • Principles
19
Q

Who is the most famous theorist regarding deontological theories?

A

Immanual Kant

20
Q

What are 3 criticisms of deontological theories?

A
  • Moral rules may conflict with one another
  • Absolute duties (Kant)
  • Prima facie (other things being equal; moral duty can be overridden by another moral duty)
21
Q

When an ethical conflict occurs, what determines the course of action in deontological theories?

A

Which duty is weightier

22
Q

What are the 4 generally accepted duties of health care?

A
  • Autonomy
  • Non-maleficience (do no harm)
  • Beneficence - Promote good (sometimes included in non-maleficience
  • Justice (fairness in distribution of benefits/ burdens
23
Q

What are the 2 additional duties of health care?

A
  • Fidelity (to patients, profession, colleagues, etc…)

- Veracity (honesty, telling the truth)

24
Q

Are the APTA code of ethics legally enforced?

A

Some are incorporated in the state practice acts

25
Q

What action may be taken if an individual is found to violate the APTA code of ethics by the judicial committee?

A
  • Loss of APTA membership, with published decision

- Suspension or loss of license if written into practice act

26
Q

What were the top 10 ethical concerns in PT according to Triezenburg?

A
  • Inequity of health services
  • Utilization & supervision
  • Buisness relationships
  • Over-utilization
  • Entry-level qualifications
  • Other professionals
  • Education program accountability
  • Informed consent
  • Confidentiality
  • Justifiability of fees
  • Ethical limits of intervention
  • Truth in advertising
  • Billing fraud
  • Sexual abuse
  • Pts with HIV
  • Clinical competency
  • Documentation
  • Clinical competency
  • Documentation
  • Legal vs ethical
  • Lack of evidence base
  • Lack of cultural diversity
  • Ethics in reasearch
  • Endorsement of products
  • Ethics = personal gain
27
Q

What are the 5 advantages of the ethical decision-making model?

A
  • More systematic, doesn’t leave things out
  • Organizes thinking
  • Agree on language and terms
  • Balanced debate of all sides
  • Decreases emotionalism
28
Q

What is the 6 step process of Purtilo?

A
  1. Get the story straight through relevant facts
  2. Identify type of ethical problem
  3. Use ethical theory to analyze the problem (teleo vs deonto)
  4. Explore practical alternatives (explore widest range of options)
  5. Complete the action
  6. Evaluate the process & outcome (reflection and examination)
29
Q

What are the 4 steps of the RIPS model?

A
  1. Recognize and define ethical issues
  2. Reflect
  3. Decide
  4. Implement, evaluate, re-assess
30
Q

What are the 3 realms of the RIPS model from least to most complex?

A
  • Individual
  • Organizational/ institutional
  • Societal
31
Q

What are the 4 components of moral behavior according to the rips model?

A
  • Moral sensitivity
  • Moral judgement (best decision)
  • Moral motivation (moral values/ beliefs > $, other gain)
  • Moral courage (implementation)
32
Q

What is moral temptation according to RIPS?

A
  • Right vs Wrong with benefit from doing wrong
33
Q

What is the decision to do nothing called in RIPS?

A

Silence

34
Q

What are the 4 tests of the RIPS model? If any are positive, what does it indicate?

A
  • Legal
  • Stench
  • Front-page
  • Mom
  • If any are positive, moral temptation is indicated
35
Q

What are the 3 applications of ethical theory in RIPS?

A
  • Duty-based
  • Ends-based
  • Care-based (relationships/ concern for others)
36
Q

What is the last step of RIPS?

A
  • Implement, evaluate, and re-assess

Ethics (5 decks)

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