Ethel Wood Topic Three: Political and Economic Change

Question 1

Reform

Answer 1

Does not advocated the overthrow of basic institutions. Reformers want to change SOME of the methods leaders use to reach societal goals

Question 2

Revolution

Answer 2

Implies change, involves either a major revision or an overthrow of an institution, usually involves change in many areas (P/E).

Question 3

Coup d’états

Answer 3

Most limited of the 3 types of change.
It replaces the leadership of the country with new leaders
government institutions are weak and leadership is taken by force
Coups are carried out by the military

Question 4

Radicalism

Answer 4

Belief in rapid, dramatic changes to an existing society

radicals are often the leaders of revolution

Question 5

Liberalism

Answer 5

Supports reform and gradual change
evolutionary not revolutionary
believe the political/economic systems need to be repaired

Question 6

Conservatism

Answer 6

Less supportive of change
see change as disruptive
change = unforeseen outcomes

Question 7

Reactionary

Answer 7

Go further to protect against change than conservatives
oppose both revolution and reform
want to “turn back the clock” to an earlier era

Question 8

Democratization

Answer 8

Offer competitive elections

Question 9

Competitive Elections

Answer 9

Regular, free, and fair

Question 10

Liberal Democracies

Answer 10

Display other democratic trends that go beyond having competitive elections

Question 11

Civil Liberties

Answer 11

Freedom of belief, speech, and assembly

Question 12

Rule of Law

Answer 12

Provides equal treatment of citizens and due process

Question 13

Neutrality Of The Judiciary

Answer 13

Checks on the abuse of power

Question 14

Open Civil Society

Answer 14

Allows citizens to lead private lives and mass media to operate independently from government

Question 15

Civilian Control Of The Military

Answer 15

Restricts the likelihood of the military seizing control of the government

Question 16

Substantive Democracies

Answer 16

Citizens have access to multiple sources of information

Question 17

Illiberal Democracies or Procedural Democracies

Answer 17

Countries that have democratic processes in place but have severe restrictions on them
presidents in illiberal systems often hold a disproportionate share of power
legislatures are less able to check executive power
elections lack true competitiveness (illiberal)
procedural= electoral authoritarianism

Question 18

Huntington’s “Three Waves” of Democratization

Answer 18

(1) First wave developed gradually
(2) The second wave occurred after the allied victory in WW2-1060’s
(3) Third wave began during the 1970’s

Question 19

Why has democratization occurred? According to Huntington

Answer 19

(1) The loss of legitimacy of left and right wing authoritarian regimes
(2) Expansion of an urban middle class in developing countries
(3) Emphasis on human rights by the US and Europe
(4) “Snowball” effect for democracy

Question 20

“Revolution of Rising Expectations” + Democratic Consolidation

Answer 20

“Trigger event” > period of improvement + rise in the standard of living > “revolution of rising expectations”

Democratization begins when there is a consensus between the government and its participants

Question 21

Political Liberalization

Answer 21

A state that progresses from procedural democracy to substantive democracy
eventually leads other states to recognize it as a liberal democracy

Question 22

Economic Liberalism

Answer 22

Economic freedoms (right to own private property) and goals unhampered by government interference 
advocates free trade with low or no tariffs

Question 23

Command Economy

Answer 23

The government owned almost all industrial enterprises and sales outlets
Right to own property is greatly restricted

Question 24

Old Command Economies

Answer 24

Socialist principles of centralized planning, quota-setting, and state ownership

Question 25

Economic Liberalization

Answer 25

Limiting the power of the state over private property and market forces

Question 26

What type of market economy will be most successful?

Answer 26

(1) A mixed economy- allows for significant control from the central government
(2) Pure maket economy- one that does not

Question 27

What 2 factors have promoted the movement toward market economies?

Answer 27

(1) Belief that the government is too big
- economic downturns + stagnation
(2) Lack of success of command economies
- fall of soviet union

Question 28

Marketization

Answer 28

A states re-creation of a market in which property, labor, goods, and services can all function in a competitive environment to determine their value

Question 29

Privatization

Answer 29

The transfer of state-owned property to private ownership

Question 30

Fragmentation

Answer 30

Divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity

Question 31

Nationalism

Answer 31

Identities based on nationhood

Question 32

Politicization of Religion

Answer 32

Modern international tensions are caused by religions

Question 33

Types of Change

Answer 33

(1) Reform
(2) Revolutuon
(3) Coup d’etats

Question 34

Attitudes Toward Change

Answer 34

(1) Radicalism
(2) Liberalism
(3) Conservatism
(4) Reactionary beliefs

Question 35

Three Trends

Answer 35

(1) Democratization
(2) Movement towards market economies
(3) Revival of ethnic or cultural politics

Question 36

One major flaw of a free-market economy is?

Answer 36

It inevitably goes through cycles of prosperity and scarcity. Recessions, small market downturns, depressions happen. (supply + demand usually corrects this)

Question 37

Samuel Huntington “Clash of Civilizations”

Answer 37

Most important conflicts based on culture not politics

Question 38

Bourgeoisie

Answer 38

Middle Class

Question 39

Patterns of Development in Contemporary World

Answer 39

(1) Democratization and the move towards market economies

(2) Indicate growing commonalities among nations vs. fragmentation

Question 40

Shift towards Market Economies

Answer 40

(1) Belief that government is too big

(2) Lack of success of command economies

Question 41

Market Economy

Answer 41

Right to own property is accepted/guaranteed.

Competition and profit are not controlled by government