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Ethology > Eth-1 > Flashcards

Eth-1 Flashcards

1
Q

Tinbergen

A

Methodology (Dutch ethologist + ornithologist)
“Tinbergen’s 4 questions”
Nobel

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2
Q

Lorenz

A

First coherent theory of instinct + innate behaviour
Zoologist, fundamental ideas
Nobel

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3
Q

Frisch

A

Communication of bees

Nobel

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4
Q

Ethology as a well accepted science

A

Frisch, Lorenz, Tinbergen: “their discoveries concerning organization + elicitatoin of individual + social behaviour problems”

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5
Q

4 questions

A
  • Causation of behaviour (stimuli that elicits behaviour)
  • Function of behaviour (how the behaviour adds to the animal’s reproductive success)
  • Behaviour during ontogeny (modified by individual experiences)
  • Behaviour during phylogeny (comparison of related spp)
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6
Q

Human-Animal relationship

A

How animals perceive humans + how they remember experiences => help farmers to a more smooth interaction

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7
Q

Abnormal behaviour

A

Farm animals- cannibalism, etc

Companion animals- aggression, uncontrolled urination + defecation

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8
Q

Housing that fail to meet the behavioural needs

A
  • Ethostasis
  • Multifactorial diseases
  • Animal Welfare
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9
Q

Legislation

A

Laws + regulations for animal protection

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10
Q

Animal Welfare

A

The science supports the regulatory work (e.g providing scientific info about the space requirements of the animals)

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11
Q

Welfare Science

A

Applied Ethology and other fields.

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12
Q

Animals possess int.world

A
  • Differentiate themselves from other creatures by odour, visual, auditory, etc.
  • Fear/frustration = expression of subjective suffer
  • Basic emotions
  • Feel the empathy of humans + they have empathy towards group mates
  • Altruistic behaviour (self-sactifying of mother defending offsprings)
  • Pain sensation
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13
Q

Sentience

A

Individual has the capacity to have feelings

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14
Q

Animal Welfare Science

A

By Ruth Harrison, 1964

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15
Q

Rogers Brambell- min requirement list

A
  • Freedom of mvm
  • Feeding, water supply, handling + treatment of farm animals
  • Keeping conditions of different farm animal spp
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16
Q

5 freedoms= the 5 domains of potential welfare compromise

A
  • Freedom from thirst, hunger + malnutrition
  • Freedom from discomfort
  • Freedom from pain, injury + disease
  • Freedom to express normal behaviour
  • Freedom from fear + distress
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17
Q

“Life worth living”, “Good life”

A

Good housing, treatments, transport, slaughtering and skilled stockperson and farmers

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18
Q

Promotion of good welfare

A
  1. Scientific info about the needs of animals
  2. How genetic selection affects animal health
  3. How the environment influences injuries + transmission of diseases
  4. How the environment affects adaptive behaviour
  5. Minimize conflict and allow positive social contact
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19
Q

UFAW (University Federation for Animal Welfare)

A

1938, before= University of London Animal Welfare Society

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20
Q

Experiment of Tryon (1940) and Cooper + Zubek (1958)

A

Reared in an improverished environment (bright rats as poorly as dull rats) + in an enriched environment (dull rats as well as bright rats).
=> how careful we must be infering deterministic genetic control over behaviour correlation has been demonstrated.

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21
Q

Genetic vs Environmental influence

A

Genetic traits = predispositions to certain reactions
Eg. may develop when the environment lacks a stimuli
Single gene influences- rare barking (Scott + Fuller)/ on a complex behaviour in insects.

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22
Q

DNA

A

It’s storing info which are used to provide instructions how and when a protein should be produced

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23
Q

Mutation

A

Alters the protein encoded + affect receptivity

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24
Q

QTL (quantitative trait loci)

A

Chromosomal regions of the tendency of honey bees to sting, preference for alcohol (mice), hyperactivity (rats)

Jungle fowl + modern laying hens => F2: large genotypic + ohenotypic variation

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25
Q

‘Knockout animals’

A

Specific genes = ‘turned off’

Ie. mice kacking the gene for oxytocin- lack capacity to eject milk, reduced agressivity

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26
Q

Principles of evolution

A
  • Principle of variation (the closer the relationship the greater the resemblance)
  • Principle of genetic inheritance (genes have some influence over the phenotypic variation)
  • Principle of natural selection (influence reproductive abilities- if reproductive capacity is enhanced => increased frequency, if it’s reduced => decreased
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27
Q

Ritualization

A

A process by which ancertain behaviour evolves into a signal by becoming exaggerated and losing its original function.

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28
Q

Fitness

A

Contribute genes to the next generation

Consumes energy

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29
Q

Optimal behaviour

A

Low cost, e.g. Large territory, optimal foraging

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30
Q

ESS (Evolutionary Stable Strategy)

A

On average confers the largest benefit to the individuals of a population

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31
Q

First wave of domestication

A

Farm animals, dog, horse

32
Q

Second wave of domestication

A

Foxes, raccoon, dog, chinchillas, etc

For specific needs or wishes

33
Q

Dopamine

A

Regulation of cognition + motivation-related functions, sleep, mood, stereotypic behaviours (hens)

34
Q

Serotonin

A

Level of fear, anxiety, stress, stereotypic behaviour

Tryptophan (precursor)- reduce fear + anxiety in fur animals and reduce stress in pigs

35
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Endorphins, encephalins

Analgesic effect, pleasureable events (eating)

36
Q

Circardian rhythms

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)- regulated by light, regulates the secretion of melatonin (during darkness)
Melatonin -> sleep
Sleeping: when glucocortical levels are slow (evening) and ends when highest (morning)

37
Q

Sleep

A

Ceasing activities when environmental conditions are not optimal
2 phases: rapid eye-mvm (REM) and non-rapid eye mvm (NREM)
True sleep: “brain sleep” with EEG δ waves + “paradoxical sleep” with REM + mvm of distal digits

38
Q

Food intake

A

Governed by hypothalamus
CKK (cholecystokinin): reduces meal size
Leptins: limits eating, follows circardian rhythm
Ghrelin: increases feeling of hunger, affects hypothalamus
Insulin: increases after eating
Melatonin: effect on metabolism and hunger

39
Q

Motivational state

A

“Sums up” the input stimuli and determines the output behaviour
The magnitude of motivation alters behaviour
Also the combined physiological + perceptual state of an animal as represented in its brain
Motivation is controlled by forebrain

40
Q

Negative feedback

A

Execution of a behaviour pattern reduces the motivation to perform it

41
Q

Hysteresis

A

Delayed negative feedback. It takes time to reduce motivation

42
Q

Sollert-Istwert model

A

Acting more like a thermostat => causes behaviour that brings an animal’s state closer to andesired end point.
The greater the discrepancy bw Sollwert and Istwert => stronger the motivation

43
Q

Prevalent in captive animals

A

Abnormal repetitive behaviours with no apparent goal

44
Q

Origin of horses

A 
Eohippus (55-60 million years), fox sized, forest
Modern horse (2 million years), 1 toe
45
Q

Hybrids

A

Normally sterile, except for Przewalski

46
Q

Viosion (horses)

A

Panoramic field 330-350
Blind spots: behind itself, in front of the muzzle
Limited ability to focus bw distant and close objects
Extremely sensitive to mvm
Rods: dominate => excellent night vision
Dichromats bw green and grays (some red and not yellow and vv)

47
Q

Hearing (horses)

A

Well developed
Funnel shaped ears can move in unison/ indepndently of each other, using 10 mm, move around a L arc of 180 degrees
Broad hearing range 55-33.5Hz
Senses geographical vibrations through the hoof

48
Q

Smell (horses)

A

Smell ans taste are linked neurologically
Sniffing: part of greeting
Accessory olfactory system- vomeronasal organ (does not open in the oral cavity). Used to detect pheromones in urine - Flehmen response (colts show more than fillies, but foalsmore often than do their mothers)

49
Q

Taste

A

Grooming
Determination of caloric content of foods
Avoid a food associated with illness

50
Q

Touch (horses)

A

Withers, mouth, flank and elbow are very sensitive

Dislike their ears, eyes, groin and bulbs of the heels to being touched

51
Q

Eating

A

12-17h < , when forage is scarce => increase bite-frequency
Peaks: early morning, late afternoon
Risk of gastric ulceration increases, gastric acidity rises
Olfaction- avoid areas with eq feces

52
Q

Drinking (horses)

A

2-4 L/ kg of dry matter food consumed
90 L
In winter, v cold water => decrease uptake => dehydration, colic

53
Q

Locomotion

A

Walk,trot,gallop (rack in Icelandic horses)

  • Walk: 4-beat, diagonal: RF, LH, LF, LH
  • Trot: 2-beat, diagonal
  • Canter: 3-beat, Gallop: 4-beat , asymmetrical, L or R according to the leading FL
  • Pace: most lateral gait
54
Q

Mutual grooming

A

Exchange of odors => reduce heart rate
Females more time than males
Stallions in multi-stallion harems groom one another
Low-ranking individuals groom more- role in appeasement

55
Q

Rest and sleep (horses

A

Active 80% of day and 60% of night
2h daily in 4-5 periods
Drowsing: standing, eyelids partly opened, min muscular effort, avoidance of the cardiorespiratory compromise
Sleeping: SWS (slow wave sleep), REM. SWS cannot compensate for lost REM.

56
Q

Feral horses

A
  1. Harem groups: 1 male, multiple females, natal band (mares, offspring, stallion)
  2. Bachelor: excess males
57
Q

Dominance hierarchy

A

Remains stable. In feral groups the males tend to rank at the top, with dominance being expressed as threats to bite / kick

58
Q

Role of stallion in natal band

A

If there is a threat, drives his group away using snake gestures

59
Q

Ears (horses)

A 
Most important in eq non-vocal communication
Forward: alert
Drooping: relaxed
Laid Back: request, listening
Pinned back: anger
Multidirectional: confusing
60
Q

English purebreed horses

A

Middle of Feb-Jul (breeding season)

61
Q

Normal racehorse

A

Midd of Feb - midd of Oct (breeding season)

62
Q

Breeding season

A

5 days estrus, 16 days diestrus

63
Q

Winter acyclia in horses

A

Nov-Jan

64
Q

“Sneak matings”

A

Subordinate stallions with young females

65
Q

Suckling response

A

Stimulated by tactile stimuli

66
Q

Suckling (horse)

A

35-40 weeks
Weaning - 15 weeks before the next foaling
- domestic: 4-6 months old

67
Q

Abnormal behaviour (horses)

A
  1. Indicating physical pain/ disease (stawhorse-stance, kicking towards abdomen, lifting/ ringing tail, etc).
  2. Stereotypic behaviour (stress coping mechanisms ?)
68
Q

Streotypic behaviour

A

Repetitive, functionless, inadequate management conditions

In captive wild animals (40%

69
Q

Stereotypic behaviours

A

Crib-biting, tongue rolling, lip mvms, wood chewing
Weaving (shifting weight bw front legs)
Self biting, wall-kicking

70
Q

Factors for developing stereotypies

A

Social isolation, stalling, high/low [forage] => increase acidity => crib-biting
Thoroughbreds
Stress

71
Q

Ancestor of dogs

A

Wolf. MtDNA only inherited from mothers, wolf has the closest.

72
Q

Vision (dogs)

A

~human eyes: 97% rods (human:95%), 3% cones (human:5%)
6X lower acuity
Dichromatic vision: blue + yellow

73
Q

Smell (dog)

A

Vomeronasal organ: bottom of nasal cavity, behind upper incisors

74
Q

Socialization period (dog)

A 
Open eyes (2 weeks)
Open ear canals (3 weeks)
75
Q

Sexual maturity (dog)

A

Male: 5-7 months
Female: 7-9 months

Ethology (1 decks)

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