Estrogen and other hormones

Question 0

How many days are in the Follicular phase?

Answer 0

Variable. The total days in the monthly cycle depends on the number of days in Follicular phase. If F phase is 7 days then total cycle is 21 days. If F phase is 14 days then total cycle is 28 days.

Question 1

How many days is the Luteal Phase?

Answer 1

14 days

Question 2

Estrone

Answer 2

• E1
• 1/8th binding compared to Estradiol (E2)
• Predominant estrogen post menopausal
• Aromatized (CYP19) from Androstenedione (also from E2)

Question 3

Estrone-sulfate

Answer 3

• The inactive reserve form of estrone (storage)

- Can be stored in fat tissues

Question 4

Estradiol

Answer 4

• E2
• Most potent estrogen
• Premenopausal
• Produced in the ovaries
• Derived from estrone and testosterone
• Assists in female reproduction, sexual development, bone health, arterial bloodflow and neuroprotection

Question 5

Estriol

Answer 5

• E3
• Least potent binding (1/80 of estradiol)
• Derived from E1 and E2
• Pregnancy estrogen

Question 6

Estrogen in Men

Answer 6

• Produced from testicular and adrenal androgen precursors

- Important for brain function, cardiovascular and bone health

Question 7

High testosterone in men

Answer 7

• Reduced bioavailable testosterone, libido and muscle tone
• Increased fat tissue, gynecomastia
• Increased risk of DM, MI, BPH and cancers

Question 8

What hormone in follicular phase?

Answer 8

FSH triggers Estrogen

Question 9

What hormone in luteal phase?

Answer 9

LH stimulates Progesterone

Question 10

Low estrogen in men causes what problems?

Answer 10

• Increased bone turnover and osteopenia
• Glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia
• Abnormal lipid profiles

Question 11

Progesterone

Answer 11

• Pro hormone and pregnancy hormone
• Promotes cellular immunity
• Counters proliferative effects of estrogen on endometrium
• Down regulates estrogen receptors
• Neuroprotective, promotes myelination
• Anti-inflammatory, relaxes smooth muscle

Question 12

Aldosterone

Answer 12

• Mineralocorticoid: maintains normal blood pressure by regulating sodium, potassium and fluid balance in the body
• Lower levels with: high salt diet, certain medications, Addison’s disease, 21 hydroxylase deficiency (Congenital adrenal hyperplasia) leading to hypotension
• High levels with:!salt restriction, diuretic use, strenuous exercise and certain medications leads to hypertension

Question 13

Cortisol – catabolic

Answer 13

• Maintains blood glucose levels during stress reactions (gluconeogenesis). This leads to additional glucose to brain, heart, lungs and skeletal muscle
• Promotes hepatic protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis: stimulates protein catabolism elsewhere in the body
• Stimulates glycogenolysis and lipolysis
• Participates with aldosterone in sodium reabsorption which leads to maintenance of perfusion pressures to critical organs during stress
• Anti-inflammatory – Down regulates phospholipase A2, inflammatory cytokines
• Inhibitory feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary: down regulation of CRH and ACTH
• Cortisol is highest in the morning with gradual decline throughout the day

Question 14

DHEA – anabolic

Answer 14

• Prohormone for sex steroids
• Anti-glucocorticoid
• Immune supporting
• Anti-atherogenic, lowers serum triglycerides
• Enhances insulin sensitivity: anti-obesity affect
• Maintains tissue strength and repair, supports bone density
• Neuroprotective: enhances memory
• Maximum values age 20-30 yrs then decline