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Germany Development of a Dictatorship, 1918-1945 > Establishment of the Weimar Republic and its early problems 1918-1923 > Flashcards

Establishment of the Weimar Republic and its early problems 1918-1923 Flashcards

1
Q

9th November 1918

A

Kaiser went into exile in Holland

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2
Q

11th November 19118

A

Armistice signed

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3
Q

how did Germany emerge from WW1

A

starving, angry, demonstrating, with an unstable government

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4
Q

starving?

A

physical effects:

  • 50% less produce (milk/butter)
  • can’t trade with other countries to get food.
  • only had turnips.
  • 3 million Germans died from starvation/disease.
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5
Q

anger?

A

psychological effects:
- before war- proud ambitious, prepared to work for Germany’s success.
- after war bitter and angry, pre-war hopes been dashed.
famous for unity- famous for squabbling.

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6
Q

demonstrations?

A

anarchy:

  • Germany was unstable.
  • Armed demobilized soldiers were coming from the war + joining violent demonstrations against the government.
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7
Q

unstable government?

A

political effects:

  • even before war government weak- Kaiser had most control.
  • after war Germany was not ready for new government.
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8
Q

role of president in WR.

A
  • can sack chancellor.
  • can call new elections.
  • command army.
  • can use ARTICLE 48.
  • elections every 7 YEARS.
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9
Q

role of chancellor in WR.

A
  • makes laws for Reichstag.
  • president appoints.
  • leader of LARGEST party in Reichstag.
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10
Q

role of reichstag in WR.

A
  • members elected every 4 YEARS.
  • mp’s elected by PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION.
  • approves parliament.
  • every vote counts for people.
  • hard for reichstag to pass laws (article 48)
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11
Q

define proportional representation?

A

POLITICAL PARTIES ALLOTTED SEATS ACCORDING TO PERCENTAGE OF VOTES.

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12
Q

role of German people in WR.

A
  • men+women both can vote (advanced), above 20.
  • vote for Reichstag every 4 YEARS.
  • vote for president every 7 YEARS.
  • can vote on plebiscite. (a vote for every to decide).
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13
Q

role of state government in WR.

A
  • upper house (like lords).
  • represented 17 German states.
  • had right but could be overruled by Reichstag.
  • couldn’t stand against government.
  • LOCAL POWER COULD RESIST ARTICLE 48.
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14
Q

role of ARTICLE 48.

A
  • if in emergency the president held powers to pass laws without input from Reichstag.
  • COULD ALLOW FOR DICTATORSHIP.
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15
Q

define ARTICLE 48?

A

Article 48 of the constitution of the Weimar Republic of Germany allowed the President, under certain circumstances, to take emergency measures without the prior consent of the Reichstag.

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16
Q

why is PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION a good thing?

A

-very modern/fair voting system.

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17
Q

why is PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION a bad thing?

A
  • no one ever has MAJORITY.
  • hard to agree, unless coalitions were formed.
  • unstable.
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18
Q

strengths of the WR?

A
  • advanced.(women+men)
  • everyone’s views represented.(PR)
  • strong.(president serves long terms,7 years)
  • freedom of speech+ press.(could criticize government)
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19
Q

weaknesses of WR?

A

-weak government.(PR)
-could have dictatorship easily.(ARTICLE 48)
-Germany politically divided + economically damaged.
(politicians couldn’t work together well,coalitions)
-too fair.(people created own parties, and had small amount of seats)
-sign of weakness to follow orders.(government disliked)

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20
Q

strengths of WR being DEMOCRATIC?

A

all people had same rights in law.

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21
Q

weakness of WR being DEMOCRATIC?

A

opposed by people who disliked democracy, wanted to destroy democracy.

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22
Q

strengths of WR featuring a ROLE FOR PRESIDENT?

A

could protect against crises.

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23
Q

weakness of WR featuring a ROLE FOR PRESIDENT?

A

article 48 could lead to dictatorship.

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24
Q

strengths of WR featuring a ROLE FOR CHANCELLOR?

A

needed majority in Reichstag to be appointed- democratic.

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25
Q

weakness of WR featuring a ROLE FOR CHANCELLOR?

A

coalitions because no one could get majority vote.

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26
Q

weakness of WR featuring a ROLE FOR PRESIDENT?

A

article 48 could lead to dictatorship.

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27
Q

strengths of WR featuring a ROLE FOR CHANCELLOR?

A

needed majority in Reichstag to be appointed- democratic.

28
Q

weakness of WR featuring a ROLE FOR CHANCELLOR?

A

coalitions because no one could get majority vote.

29
Q

strengths of STATES’ RIGHTS?

A

equality/ more control.

30
Q

LAMB-effects on Germany (land).

A
  • anger+hardship, LAND STOLEN.
  • many live in France and Poland now.
  • 50% LESS produce-2 mill dead due to starvation.
  • MONEY PROBLEMS- big proportion of industry-take when BANKRUPT.
31
Q

28th June 1919.

A

TOV signed.

32
Q

LAMB-terms (land).

A
  • 13% land+ 6 million citizens were lost.
  • take 10% industry+15% agriculture.
  • Saar coalfields to LofN.
  • West Prussia+Posen to Poland (corridor).
33
Q

LAMB-terms (money).

A

-Germany to pay $6.6 billion in reparations (annual installments).

34
Q

LAMB-effects on Germany (money).

A
  • ECONOMIC CRISIS.
  • BANKRUPT.
  • no chance of payback.
  • loss of land made it hard to payback.
  • unlikely to recover.
  • would have to rely on FOREIGN INVESTMENT.
35
Q

LAMB-effects on Germany (army).

A
  • no longer strong+feared.
  • strong military traditions-HUMILIATING-loss of pride.
  • millions of soldiers UNEMPLOYED- go to Freikorps.
  • Famous for unity-famous for squabbling.
36
Q

LAMB-terms (money)

A

-Germany to pay $6.6 billion in reparations (annual installments).

37
Q

LAMB-terms (blame).

A
  • ARTICLE 231- WAR GUILT CLAUSE (forced to accept).

- Germany had to accept or start war.

38
Q

LAMB- effects on germany (blame).

A
  • anger.
  • believed weren’t to blame-acted in self defense.
  • TOV brought because of weak politicians + evil allies.
39
Q

economic impact from TOV.

A

NEGATIVE:

  • reparations.
  • taken land.
  • difficult to benefit economy (hyperinflation).
40
Q

Weimar Republic’s impact from TOV.

A

POLITICAL:

  • Kaiser exile-refusal to sign.
  • outcast from international politics.
  • excluded from LofN.
  • led to fascism.
41
Q

military impact from TOV.

A

-reduced everything.

42
Q

Germany’s FIRST RESPONSE TO TOV?

A

PASSIVE RESISTANCE:

  • peaceful resistance to authority.
  • German workers stopped in controlled areas.
43
Q

effects of Germany’s FIRST RESPONSE TO TOV?

A

French replaced workers.

44
Q

Germany’s SECOND RESPONSE TO TOV?

A
  • print more money- to pay reparations.
  • heating expensive
  • building kites out of money.
  • pension could only pay for box of matches.
45
Q

effects of Germany’s SECOND RESPONSE TO TOV?

A

HYPERINFLATION.

46
Q

who lost from TOV?

A
  • Weimar Republic.
  • middle class.
  • working class.
  • financially secure people.
  • jewish people with loans.
47
Q

who lost from TOV?

A
  • Weimar Republic.
  • middle class.
  • working class.
  • financially secure people.
48
Q

5th January 1919?

A

Spartacist uprising.

49
Q

POLITICS of spartacist uprising.

A

communists.

50
Q

AIMS of spartacist uprising.

A

to overthrow government, set up communist government.

51
Q

WHAT DID THEY DO spartacist uprising.

A

Tried to start revolution in BERLIN.

  • took over government offices.
  • took over telephone + newspaper.
52
Q

EVENTS of spartacist uprising.

A

WR used Freikorps to shut down revolution.

- ROSA AND KARL KILLED-thrown into river.

53
Q

March 1919?

A

THE KAPP PUTSCH (NOT MUNICH).

54
Q

POLITICS of KAPP PUTSCH.

A

the FREIKORPS, extreme RIGHT.

55
Q

LEADERS of KAPP PUTSCH.

A

Wolfgang Kapp, freikorps official.

56
Q

AIMS of KAPP PUTSCH.

A

to overthrow government.

-ignore TOV.

57
Q

WHAT DID THEY DO in KAPP PUTSCH.

A

marched to BERLIN and took it over.

  • Ebert appealed for general strike (providing supplies).
  • refusing to work for KAPP.
58
Q

EVENTS of KAPP PUTSCH.

A
  • Freikorps fled to SWEDEN.
  • because of TOV-little military control
  • Germany had a preference for LEFT over right.
59
Q

January 1923?

A

FRENCH INVASION OF THE RUHR.

60
Q

why French invade the Ruhr.

A

Germany couldn’t keep up with reparation payments:

  • it DEFAULTED (didn’t pay).
  • teach Germany a lesson.
61
Q

why THE RUHR?

A

Ruhr was MOST IMPORTANT industrial area (80% of German steel production.)
-French thought taking away would make up for missed reparation payments.

62
Q

effects of invasion of RUHR.

A
  • WR outraged.
  • Ruhr workers on strike (replaced with french workers)
  • damaged economy further, no money to spend on welfare.
  • had to print more money.
63
Q

what is HYPERINFLATION?

A

Hyperinflation is a term to describe rapid, excessive, and out-of-control general price increases in an economy.

64
Q

why did HYPERINFLATION occur.

A

printed more money to help workers carry on strike.
more money- value decreases. (inflation)
people’s money=worthless.

65
Q

effects of HYPERINFLATION.

A

pension: savings worthless.
workers: few savings, not secure jobs.
middle class: businessmen couldn’t buy goods from abroad because German money worthless.
the rich: unaffected, property+savings overseas,however saw gov as incompetent.
unrest: people blamed TOV, uprisings.
Anti-semitism: some Jewish families had overseas banks, led to anti semitism.

Germany Development of a Dictatorship, 1918-1945 (2 decks)

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