Establishing Tudor dynasty Flashcards
Rebellions posing threat
H initial position was insecure and weak, there were several threats from: Yorkist claimants (E of Lincoln, Warwick), pretenders (Simnel, Warbeck), Yorkist supp (Lovell, Stafford) and foreign threats (M of B)
Lovell rebellion, 1486
Minor uprising led by Lovell and the Stafford brothers against H VII, aim = overthrow H and replace with a Yorkist on the throne, e.g. John de La Pole due to the rivalry between the political factions – Yorkists and Lancastrians. Lovell, Staffords sought to gain social stand, political power, wealth from deposing H from throne a reinstating Yorkist. Rebel attracted little support, Lovell went to Yorkshire to Middleham Castle and few Yorkists retainers came out to supp, easily suppressed, as H heard of the rebel whilst in Lincoln so moved north to York to supress it with his large armed force. D of Bedford sent into Yorkshire to pardon all expect L and wasn’t Yorkist claimant so rebel force quickly disbanded. L fled to Burgandy after losing faith in their plan and knowing his rebel failed, as H had mass supp, there was little supp for the S brothers and they lacked the confidence to enact their proposed revolt, whereby Humphrey S was condemned for treason, Thomas S pardoned
Lovell rebellion - significance
Showed Yorkists they needed a Yorkist prince to stand against H and showed H was strong in dealing with prospective revolts against him, showed maj were still happy with H and were willing to provide supp by not rising against him, but showed there was still Yorkist supp in Eng – although minority
Lambert Simnel, 1487
Impersonated the imprisoned Earl of Warwick, R III’s son – a Yorkist claimant (crowned in Ireland reinforces this). Supp = Eng Yorks: John LP, Earl of Lincoln – Yorkist, Eliz Woodville – grandchildren = princes in tower, had estates seized by H and confined to a nunnery; Abroad, Habsburg Burgundians: M of B – Edward IV and R III’s sister and Yorkist, Emperor Maximilian – wanted to take over Brittany and resents H close relation to it; Abroad, Ireland: Yorkist stronghold – Ed IV father had = Lord Lieutenant with inf, Irish Lords eager to destabilise Eng and secure independence, Earl of Kildare = Gerald Fitzgerald (under his cont, Ireland = haven for rebel). However, S supp limited, main army = Irish supp and German mercenaries (although foreign supp supplement York opp to H). M of B sent 2,000 German mercenaries to Ireland, where the Irish nobles recognised and E of Kildare crowned S as King Ed VI. H offers rebels (led by Lincoln) a pardon, they refuse; H displays and exhibits the real E of Warwick in London, who is ignored. H imprisoned Woodville to stop the oppor to conspire further and limit help to S. H neutralised Y supp up north by reinstating E of NL to power in North as his supp – H undermined S by winning over potential supp (favours to NL and Howards). B of Stoke, Lincoln 1487: S route of invading army led to a win of small victories ag Lord Clifford and Lord Scales. H army defeated S poorly equipped and armed 8k soldiers using crossbow (slow to reload – inferior to longbow) with his army of 15k of skilled archers using longbows and tough billmen. S defeat in B of Stoke, captured, used to work in kitchen turning meat on spit, Lincoln killed
Lambert Simnel - significance
Victory in battle – H position safe but not completely secure: Stoke was last battle of W of Roses, Woodville’s destroyed as political force and lands seized, 28 rebels attained and lands confiscated, S humiliated rather than made martyr; but H showed insecurity by offering to pardon rebels if they abandoned plan, two wings of H army refused to get inv at B of Stoke until they were sure of victory, showed H had no allegiance from Anglo-Irish nobles, members of Counsel betrayed H, e.g. Lincoln
Perkin Warbeck, 1491-99
Impersonated Richard of York (Ed IV younger son in tower) = Yorkist claimant. Much wider base of supp than Sim. Supp = Eng: William Stanley; Abroad, Habsburg Burgundians: M of B, Maximilian; Abroad = Kings of Fr and Scot and Neths (Isabella of Sp regards Warbeck claim as “a jest” but refuses to allow Kath to marry Pr Arthur until threat is dealt with – demonstrates high levels of supp. 1942 – W recognised as ‘Richard IV’ in Fr, H signs T of Etaples with Charles VIII, which forces Warbeck to seek a new refuge (C agrees to no longer assist pretenders to the throne); 1943 – W recognised in Neths, H imposes trade sanctions, where he was trained as a potential Yorkist prince, began drawing in Eng courtiers into his conspiracies; 1494 – W recognised by Emp Maximilian; 1945 – W attempted to land in Eng, but quickly defeated so fled to court of J IV in Scot, whereby W recognised by James IV of Scot, H spies reveal Stanley as traitor = executed, Parl passed the De Facto Act 1495 to limit former Yorkist supp W saying service to the Yorkist kings had not been treason; 1946 – W launches an invasion from Scot with a small Scot force, but soon retreated (failed when northern nobles and commons remained loyal to Henry), J IV agreed to marry W to his cousin, Lady Kath Gordon, giving W legitimacy and J arranged for W to receive a pension of £1.2k pa; 1497 – J IV bought off by Truce of Ayton, Warbeck and followers turn up in Cornwall, admit tax rebellion and try to claim the throne by exploiting rebel, but receives little supp and forces were crushed so surrenders to H troops, forced to publicly admit deception and imprisoned. 1498 – Warbeck escapes prison and is recaptures, Henry plants a spy into the Tower who persuades Warwick and Warbeck to join in an escape; 1499 – H promptly has both arrested and executed. Foreign agreements limited W supp: T of Etaples = Fr; Magnus Intercurcus Treaty = Max (clauses to deny help to each other’s enemies); Medina del Campo strengthen to ensure W supp limited, therefore none of the foreign countries gave adequate supp, due to H actions in limiting supp at each stage; H actions in dealing with Sim, by punishing those in Ireland who had shown S supp, meant that when W looked for funding and military assistance, potential rebels wouldn’t join. £6.4 mil spent and resources drained over 8 year period; W rebel caused divisions in H inner circle – S secretly supp W and made it known he would not resist W if he were R and was also rumoured to be in contact with M of B
Perkin Warbeck - significance
Patronage from foreign rulers made W a potential serious threat and demonstrated H fragile position was considered by other rulers, inv in 1945 conspiracy of S (Lord Chamberlain, head of Royal Household) showed how vulnerable H was in his own household and his inner-circle betrayal
De La Poles
Edmund LP, E of Suffolk, largely lived under exile from 1498-1506, under the protection of M of B, returned to Eng in 1506, imprisoned in the Tower of London and the executed in 1513 by H VIII, Tudor dynasty looked weak following Arthur’s death in 1502, therefore H attained 51 relatives of Suffolk. Richard LP was exiled until his death fighting for Fr at the B of Pavia, 1525. Significance = imprisonment of Suffolk effectively eliminated remaining threats, leaving only R at large in exile
