Establishing the Tudor dynasty

Question 1

Why was John de la Pole a threat?

Answer 1

He was a Yorkist claimant.
He was nephew of Edward IV and Richard III
Designated successor of Richard III
Regarded as the Yorkist leader after Bosworth

Question 2

Why was Edward (earl of Warwick) a threat?

Answer 2

He was a Yorkist claimant
He was nephew of Edward IV and Richard III
Imprisoned in tower of London 1485 (aged 10)
Beheaded for alleged conspiracy with Perkin Warbeck , 1499

Question 3

Who were two main threats (not pretenders)?

Answer 3

Yorkist supporters (e.g. Lovell and Stafford)
Margaret of Burgundy (sister of Edward IV and Richard III) as she was able and willing to fund Yorkist ambitions

Question 4

What did Viscount Lovell and the Staffords do and when?

Answer 4

1486- Minor rising in Yorkshire and midlands.

Led by Viscount Lovell and Humphrey Stafford.

Attracted little support and was easily suppressed.

Lovell escaped to Burgundy, Humphrey Stafford was captured and executed.

Question 5

Why was the Lovell rebellion significant?

Answer 5

It showed there was little support for a Yorkist rising at this point

Question 6

Who arranged a Yorkist conspiracy with Lambert Simnel as a figure head in 1487?

Answer 6

Arranged by Earl of Lincoln (John de la Pole) - used Lambert Simnel as a figurehead

Question 7

Who did Simnel impersonate and who supported him as this?

Answer 7

He impersonated the Earl of Warwick and was crowned as King Edward in Ireland (may 1487)

Question 8

What were the consequences of Simnel being crowned in Ireland?

Answer 8

Henry exhibited the real Earl of Warwick in London.

Lincoln fled to the court of Margaret of Burgundy and joined Lovell - persuading Margaret to support Simnel and pay for a force of mercenaries (hired soldiers who work for pay with no commitments to the cause) to invade England

Question 9

How did Henry neutralise Yorkist support in the North?

Answer 9

Took risk by reinstating the Earl of Northumberland (a traditional Yorkist supporter) to power in the north as his supporter (who was untrustworthy - supporter of Richard III in Battle of B.

Also ensured the traditionally Yorkist Howard family had no intention of joining the conspiracy, as Northumberland was one of their descendants.

Question 10

When Simnel landed, how many German mercenaries did he have to support him?
What happened after this?

Answer 10

2,000 German mercenaries provided by Margaret of Burgundy.

Crossed the Pennines and tried to muster support in the Yorkist heartland but they failed to attract followers.

Henry’s army defeated the mercenary army at the battle of stoke field (June 1487).

Simnel captured but Henry recognised him as harmless and employed him in the royal kitchens.

Question 11

Who was killed at the Battle of Stoke?

Answer 11

The Earl of Lincoln, John de la Pole

Question 12

What did the Battle of stoke effectively end?

Answer 12

The war of the roses

Question 13

For what two reasons did Henry’s support grow?

Answer 13

His lenient treatment of the rebels won over some Yorkists who had previously opposed him
He began to use the policy of bonds of good behaviour

Question 14

What were bonds of good behaviour?

Answer 14

Providing money to landowners if they behaved well.

But if the condition was broken they had to pay it as a penalty.

Question 15

What was the Perkin Warbeck imposture?

Answer 15

Imposture of a cloth trader from Flanders who claimed to be Richard - duke of York (one of Edward IV’s sons and one of the two murdered princes in them tower)

Question 16

What happened with Warbeck in 1491 and 1492?

Answer 16

1491- Warbeck began to impersonate Richard in Ireland
Brief period in France but forced to flee
1492- He fled to the court of Margaret of Burgundy - was trained as potential Yorkist prince and began to draw English courtiers into his conspiracies

Question 17

What happened with Warbeck in 1495 and 1496?

Answer 17

1495- He attempted to land in England but was quickly defeated as Henry had been informed of his intentions by royal agent Robert Clifford and fled to the court of James IV of Scotland
1496- He tried to invade England with a small Scottish force - this soon retreated and James IV agreed to Marry Henry’s daughter, Margaret

Question 18

What happened with Warbeck in 1497 and 1499?

Answer 18

1497- He tried to claim the throne by exploiting the Cornish rebellion- his forces were crushed - Warbeck surrendered he was treated leniently at first but tired to escape so confined to tower
1499- He was tired and executed a long with the Earl of Warwick

Question 19

Who were Edmund de la Pole and Richard de la Pole and what happened to them?

Answer 19

Younger brothers of the earl of Lincoln (Edmund = earl of Suffolk).

Edmund largely lived in exile 1498-1506 under the protection of Margaret of Burgundy.

Treaty of Windsor 1506 - meant more friendly relations restored with Burgundy, including Maximillian agreeing to give up Suffolk.

He returned in 1506 and was imprisoned in the tower of London and executed in 1513 by Henry VIII.

Richard was exiled until his death fighting for France at the Battle of Pavia 1525.

Question 20

Why did the Perkin Warbeck imposture show Henry’s vulnerability (2)?

Answer 20

Patronage from foreign rulers made Warbeck a potentially serious threat and demonstrated how fragile Henry’s position was considered to be by foreign rulers .

The involvement of William Stanley (Head of the royal household and was Lord Chamberlain) showed Henry’s vulnerability even within his own household.

Question 21

What is the significance of the absence of Earl of Lincolns (John de la pole) brothers’?

Answer 21

The imprisonment of Edward (Suffolk) effectively eliminated the remaining threats, leaving only Richard de la Pole who was at large in exile

Question 22

Why was Henry’s victory at the Battle of Stoke Significant?

Answer 22

Position became safer (not secure though)

Question 23

After the Perkin Warbeck plot, what did Henry have an excuse to do to the Earl of Warwick and why was this significant?

Answer 23

Convenient for Henry that Warbeck’s final conspiracies allowed him to get rid of the Earl of Warwick (most obvious Yorkist claimant to the throne).

Warwick was in many respects an innocent victim of political problems but In 1499 having been accused of plotting with Warbeck against Henry, he was beheaded.

Question 24

How did Henry control the nobility through incentives (5)

Answer 24

Carrots/Incentives:

• Order of the Garter
• Peerage
• JP’s – powers increased
• King’s Council
• Patronage

Question 25

How many nobles were awarded with the Order of the Garter?

Answer 25

37.

Gave nobles status but cost nothing.

Question 26

By how much did peerage decrease during Henry’s reign?

Answer 26

62 in 1485, 42 in 1509.

Decreased by 20

Question 27

What caused peerage decrease(3)?

Answer 27

Henry conservative when giving out titles, a it meant giving out land.

He used attainders.

Some were killed in Battle

Question 28

How did JP’s power increase?

Answer 28

• 1485 – power to arrest poachers and hunters.
• 1491 – power to grant bail.
• 1495 – power to vet juries.

Question 29

How many attended the King’s council?

Answer 29

227 attended over the whole reign.

Question 30

How many Earl’s did Henry create compared to Edward IV?

Answer 30

Edward IV created 9 earls.

Henry only created 3 – Earl of Derby, Earl of Bath, Earl of Devon.

Question 31

How did Henry control the nobles through punishment (5)?

Answer 31

Sticks/Punishment:

• Acts of Attainder
• Laws against retaining
• Placement
• Bonds
• Recognisances

Question 32

How many attainders were passed in total?

How many were reversed?

Answer 32

Acts of Attainder – 138 Attainders were passed, 46 were reversed.

Question 33

Examples of an act of attainder?

Answer 33

Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey: 1486 – Imprisoned and attained for supporting Richard III at BoB, 1487, refuses to escape with Simnel, 1489.

Question 34

What event led to attainders being half reversed?

Answer 34

half reversal of attainders, helped quell the Yorkshire rebellion.

Question 35

Why did Henry pass 51 attainders between 1504-1509?

Answer 35

Paranoid

Question 36

What is an example of Henry benefitting, financially, from attainders?

Answer 36

Thomas Tyrell paid £1,738 for the reversal of his and his father’s attainders.

After Warbeck, 1493, William Stanley placed under attainder; fined £9,000, £1,000 per annum income.

Question 37

What is an example of retaining laws?

Answer 37

Lord Burgavenny, convicted in 1507 for retaining 471 men, fined £70,650.

Question 38

How did Henry use placement on the Earl of Surrey?

Answer 38

Placement – Moving a noble away from his powerbase. Example – Earl of Surrey sent North as part of his attainder.

Question 39

What is an example of Feudal dues?

How much did revenues from marriage and wardship increase by?

Answer 39

Feudal rights/dues – Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Buckingham fined around £7,000 in 1496 for marrying without a license. Revenue from Wardship and marriage: £350 in 1487, £6,000 in 1507.

Question 40

Examples of Bonds and recognisances

Answer 40

• Bonds – Example – Marquis of Dorset was placed under a £10,000 bond after suspected involvement in the Simnel plot.
• Recognisances – Example – Earl of Westmorland, Earl of Northumberland were fined £10,000 after B.o.B. If they were disloyal, this £10,000 had to be paid.

Question 41

How many bonds did Henry pass in his first years of reign?

Answer 41

191 bonds in the first ten years of his reign