Establishing Apartheid (1948 - 1954)

Question 1

Who was Malan & the National Party’s (Afrikaaner) competition in 1948?

Answer 1

Jan Smuts & the United Party (English)

Question 2

Why did the United Party argue total segregation was impossible in 1948?

Answer 2

Influx of African labour into cities, which should be stabilised, because this is where industrial need was greatest

Question 3

Why did the National Party argue total separation of races was necessary in 1948?

Answer 3

Prevent equality and Black society overwhelming white society

Question 4

What were the National Party’s views in 1948?

Answer 4

Blacks should mainly remain in ‘their true fatherland’ as labour for Afrikaner farmers

Prohibit mixed marriages

Ban Black trade unions

Question 5

How many seats did the National Party win in 1948?

Answer 5

70 out of 153

Question 6

How did Afrikaaner nationalism contribute to the National Party winning the 1948 election?

Answer 6

Afrikaners didn’t trust English-speaking parties

Question 7

How did the 1938 Voortrekker monument contribute to the National Party winning the 1948 election?

Answer 7

It celebrated the Battle of Blood River (where Voortrekkers defeated Zulus) and created a sense of Afrikaner identity

Question 8

How did the Dutch Reformed Church contribute to the National Party winning the 1948 election?

Answer 8

It provided Afrikaner schools and cultural activities which developed pride in Afrikaner identity

Question 9

Why did WWII create a divide between white South Africans that was still present by the time of election 1948?

Answer 9

English speakers supported Allies, Afrikaners supported Nazis

Question 10

What was the economic effect of WWII on South Africa?

Answer 10

Increased need for labour —> Black employment laws relaxed —> whites fear Blacks would take their jobs —> put them off United Party’s more moderate racial policies

Question 11

How much had Black wages risen in the 1940s?

Answer 11

1/5 of white wage to 1/4

Question 12

What was the 1948 Sauer Report?

Answer 12

Outlined the National Party’s aims for Apartheid

‘National Suicide’ or Apartheid

Question 13

1949 Prohibition of…

Answer 13

…Mixed Marriages

Question 14

1950 Population Registration Act

Answer 14

Defined racial groups that people would be categorised in to

After 1951 there was to be a register of everyone’s race

Question 15

1950 Group Areas Act

Answer 15

Divided land by race, causing huge migration and difficulties

Many refused and squatted, so squatting was made illegal in 1951

Question 16

1950 Suppression of Communism Act

Answer 16

Any opposition treated as communism and therefore banned

Question 17

1952 Abolition of Passes Act

Answer 17

Extended existing Pass laws:
• Black men not carrying passes could lose job or be imprisoned
• All Blacks over age 16 had to carry ‘Pass’ reference book

Question 18

1953 Separate Amenities Act (Petty Apartheid)

Question 19

1953 Bantu Education Act

Answer 19

Blacks to be taught in their tribal language, taught diffirent curriculum and received significantly less funding than whites

Universities made exclusively white

Question 20

1954 Natives Resettlement Act

Answer 20

Population of Sophiatown (75,000) resettled in 1955 into ‘Meadowlands’ township - Sophiatown replaced by white suburb Triomf (Triumph)

Question 21

Late 1940s ANC

Answer 21

Organised:
• Strikes
• Boycotts
• Stay at homes

Question 22

1950 May Day Strike

Answer 22

• Organised by South African Communist Party (SACP) in protest against the 1950 Suppression of Communism Act
• Resulted in Police Violence and 18 deaths in Soweto
• Less than 2 months later, SACP forced by the regime to dissolve

Question 23

1950 National Day of Protest

Answer 23

• Organised by ANC as a day of mourning for May Day killings and protest against the 1950 Suppression of Communism Act

Resulted in:
• Large Scale Strikes
• Mass arrests

Question 24

1953 Defiance Campaign

Answer 24

• Organised by ANC and SAIC
• Disruptions in Major cities, namely Blacks entering white-only areas
• 8,000 arrested
• ANC membership grew 7,000 —> 100,000

Question 25

1952 Women’s Anti-Pass Law Demonstations

Question 26

1953 Criminal Law Amendment

Answer 26

Now illegal to break other laws as a protest

Question 27

1953 Public Safety Act

Answer 27

Allowed government to declare a State of Emergency and suspend all laws if there was a threat of major disturbance

Question 28

What happened to the ANC in 1953?

Answer 28

• Mandela ‘banned’ among others
• Luthuli became president of the ANC
• ANC backed boycott of ‘Bantu’ schools