Establishing Apartheid Flashcards
Who was head of the United Party?
Jan Smuts
Who was head of National party?
Daniel Malan
What was the United Party’s goals in the 1948 election?
Based their platform on the report of the Native Laws Commission chaired by Fagan. They argued due to influx of Africans into cities and the impoverishment of the African reserves, total segregation was impossible. It suggested African Labour should be stabilised in cities where needs for commercial and industrial operation were greatest.
What were the National Party’s goal in the 1948 election?
Based on report by Sauer, argued that only TOTAL separation of races would prevent move to equality and the eventual overwhelming of white society by black.
NP stated Africans should be viewed as temporary in cities and be forced to remain in countryside to meet needs of farmers. Declared that Africans should have no form of parliamentary representation in South Africa.
ALSO Malan called for prohibition of mixed marriages, for banning of trade unions and for stricter enforcement of job reservation.
Who won the 1948 election?
The National Party (Malan) crushed Smuts. They won a majority and became government and ruled until 1994
What did LED stand for in the 1942 declaration of the United a nations when Smuts was prime minister of Africa?
Liberty- pass laws
Equality- segregation through housing, wages and tax
Democracy- denied right to vote
Who was Jan Smuts?
-PM of South Africa 1919-24 and 1939-48
-led to coalition government
-committed to forms of segregation but doesn’t believe in TOTAL
-appeared moderate in establishment of UN and gave blacks optimism after war
-committed to white superiority
-until 48, political party was Afrikaner led
-afrikaners traditionally individualistic and NP never held power.
Explain the appeal of the national party through the exploited surge in Afrikaner unity.
- Afrikaners we’re individualists and had no sense of unity (until 1902 after defeat)
- POLITICS- Formed in 1914 and set to win support of Afrikaners, rich, poor, farmers
-PUBLISHING- History and newspaper (De Burger)
-SECRET SOCIETY- the Broederbond formed in 1918 and was dedicated to United Afrikaners. They had influential members and ensures Afrikaners promoted. Secret handshake and 500 members. Covered but ish flag with SA flag.
-unified Afrikaners meant strengthened NP
-FINANCE- 1918 wealthy Afrikaners helped set up insurance and saving- to help Afrikaners without relying on British.
-CHURCH- Dutch Reformed Church gave biblical support on superiority of whites.
-Boer War helped set up their identity
-Afrikaners thought they were racially superior.
Explain the appeal of the national party through the white fears and grievances in the 40s.
-Shocked at black protests and feared resistance.
-UN wouldn’t have kept the black man in his place
-Whites disgruntled as white farmers resented keeping food prices low and also resented flood of blacks in cities where wages were good. FARMERS WANTED CHEAP LABOUR.
-Whites read about smuts talking of liberty and democracy while abroad. Whites distrusted Smuts and were angry at UN for cri using racist policies.
-White South Africans felt disgruntled after WW2 and economy tried to readjust but jobs were scarce and whites who returned from war found blacks in jobs.
Explain the appeal of the national party through the nationalist promises.
-For white industrialists he promised FLEXIBLE apartheid with blacks allowed to leave temporarily for city jobs.
-Cheap black labour for farmers.
-Smuts couldn’t hold whites together but Malan United enough to win. SAUER report outlined apartheid so whites could find unity in the same opinions.
-Held out danger of black threat to whites jobs, law and housing.
-Malan promised white South Africa where blacks were in reserves.
What was the Sauer Report?
Published by NP.
Studied the situation in south africa and offered Afrikaners a stark choice.
Blacks took over jobs and moved to cities so the objective was to remove these 2 trends.
Provided the choice of either part segregation through UP or total segregation through NP.
Why was the Sauer Report important?
Enabled voters to vote NP and apartheid. Allowed NP to win as people wanted WHITE power and influence.
Context of Petty and Practical Aprtheid.
-Apartheid= total separateness.
-Total segregation was highly unlikely as it meant blacks and whites would be completely separated though cities and homelands.
-Malan decided the development of Petty and Practical was the solution.
What are the political (power) developments of apartheid up to 1955? (5)
1948 Sauer Report- basis of Malans policies (apartheid).
1950 Immorality Amendment Act- banned sex between whites and non-whites. Gave police right to enter cars and homes.
1950 Suppression of Communism Act- any opposition was treated as communist and BANNED.
1952 Abolition of Passes Act- black men had to carry a pass at all times and had to carry pass reference book.
1953 Separate Amenities Act- PETTY APARTHEID- blacks had separate seats and beaches etc.
What are the social (people) developments of apartheid up to 1955? (10)
1913 Native Land Act- blacks can only rent certain areas.
1923 Urban Areas Act- segregated housing.
1949 Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act
1950 Population Registration Act- Defined racial groups- allowed for categorisation.
1950 Group Areas Act- Divided areas of land for different races. Squatting also illegal.
1952 Abolition of Passes Act- Extension of Pass laws.
1952 Native Laws Amendment Act- blacks banned from staying in white areas.
1953 Bantu Education Act- blacks taught in tribal language and restricted their futures by only teaching certain topics. Funding was minimal.
1954 The Natives Resettlement Act- people living in Sophiatown resettled in Meadowlands.
1955 Transport- companies segregated buses and public transport.
What are the economic (money) developments of apartheid up to 1955? (3)
1926 Mines and Works Act- restricted certain skilled jobs to whites.
1953 Bantu Education Act- funding for black education minimal.
1955 Transport- Lots of money to fund segregated buses.
Overall how was apartheid all encompassing?
-Bantu education.
-suppression of communism act.
-work, school, language affected.
-Division between groups (coloureds blacks Asian whites)
-Prohibition of mixed marriage.
-Passes
-Housing
Describe the 1950 Population Registration Act.
Defined whit race people belonged to. Very difficult. Political tool for white superiority to ensure blacks lives were controlled. Criteria of actual colour or verdict of society. Almost impossible to implement.
Not successful at all.
13 years on 20,000 still not recognised
Describe the 1950 Group Areas Act.
Government wanted segregated housing. Only 1 race per area. Only whirs allowed in City’s. Never fully happened. (60% blacks still not in areas). Followed by act to stop squatting.
SOPHIATOWN- black area that contained black culture got removed by whites.
Describe the 1950 Suppression of Communism Act.
Banned communist party to get rid of any political opposition. Gave government powers to arrest and hold people no charge and ban them. Very successful and effective.
Describe the 1952 Abolition of Passes Act.
Extended pass system. Includes women. Without authorisation, blacks were dined and sent to reserve. Photograph, home details, jobs, fingerprint) 400000 arrested yearly. Very successful as effective in white superiority.
Describe the 1953 Separate Amenities Act (Petty Apartheid).
Division of public services according to race (parks, trains, buses cinema). All laws together called petty. Very successful as effective.
Describe the 1953 Bantu Education Act.
Dr Verwoerd powerful and PM. Tried to make apartheid positive through black children being in education (learning tribal language and following different syllabus to whites). Blacks didn’t need same education level as whites. Black schools had minimal funds.
Describe the 1954 Natives Resettlement Act.
Allowed government to remove blacks from Johannesburg, Meadowlands and Sophiatown. Showed government prioritises immediate removal of blacks for labour.
Plan to move 54,000
What makes resistance effective?
-Change- the amount(scale) and speed/ long term and short term.
-Domestic Support- scale and positive/ negative.
-International Support- does it inspire action? (Domino effect)
- Government Backlash- how the government responds to it (scale, positive/ negative). They have the power to push resistance down.
HOW was the National Party and Apartheid opposed and resisted prior to 1943?
- The ANC formed in 1923
- Trade Unions
- Anti-Pass demos
What series of events happened between 1943 and 1953 for resistance and opposition?
1943- ANC Youth League formed by Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Tambo and Lembede. This was a Nationalist approach EERE they previously wanted to work with the whites and debate but didn’t work due to the Afrikaner influence.
1947- Lembede dead and Mandela (Youth League) works alongside SAIC (South African Indian Congress) and learnt about Soul Force (non-violence).
Late 40s- strikes, boycotts.
1949- Programme of Action (more disruption and not following rules).
1950- SACP (communist) organised May Day Strike.
1950- National Day Of Protest- larder scale strikes and mass arrests.
1950- Suppression of Communism Act- offenders banned, any other gov named communist.
1952- Defiance campaign with ANC and SAIC to break Apartheid laws- thousands arrested, ANC grew to 100,000. The ANC were now LARGE SCALE.
1952+ - women’s Anti Pass demonstrations.
1953- Criminal Law Amendment- illegal to break laws as protest and penalties were harsher. Government suppression.
1953- Public Safety Act- government can declare state of emergency and suspend les is there was a threat to disturbance. Massive strikes can bring government even more power!
1953- Mandela banned until 1961, Luthuli now president of ANC.
1953- ANC backed boycott of Bantu schools.
Describe the women’s Anti-Pass Demonstrations after 1952.
-The federation of Soith African women 1954 (link to ANC).
-Aim to atop/ slow down implementation of passes for women.
-Coordinated campaigns of non-registration, pass burning, culminating in 1956 in a mass demonstration of 26,000 women. (They failed still).
-Results were that the pass system was extended.
-Instead protested police raids in SHEBEENS which threatened independence of women.
What was the most successful opposition to apartheid in the period of 1948 to 1955?
1- Programme of Action
2- May Day Strikes
3- National Day of Protest
4- Defiance Campaign
5- Women’s Anti-Pass Demos
1
4
3
5
2
Compare the Programme of Action (1949) and the Defiance Campaign (1952).
The Programme of Action was the blueprint for resistance against the implementation of Apartheid. It allows people to come to together more but was still on a small level. The Defiance Campaign increased the ANC members from 7000 to 100000 so it was more successful.
How did authorities try to stop protest?
They would escort Africans back to their homes and places of work. On the day of the strike, they marched them to the bus stations and also banned people if necessary.
Who did the ANC join with in protest 1950?
African Peoples Organisation (APO).
South African Indian Congress (SAIC)
What did the Suppression of Communism Act say?
It outlawed the communist party and defined communism as any scheme that aimed “at brining about change within the union with disturbance and disorder”. It empowered the banning from public office.
What did the Banning Order prevent you from doing?
Attending a public meeting.
Describe the Defiance Campaign 1952.
1- Amount
2- Significance of date
3- Examples
4- Results
5- Mandela response
1- 8,577
2- They celebrated 300 years since the arrival of the Dutch and the ANC supported defied Apartheid regulations.
3- They got into whites only train compartments, queued in whites on counters, sat on white benches.
4- Thousands arrested (2354).
5- That violence was the only weapon that would destroy apartheid. He believed originally in non-violence but in 1953 he was banned until 1961.
Describe the ANC Youth League.
1-Founders critical views
2-Views initially
1- Critical of old ANC because they tried to win the respect of whites with good behaviour.
2- Nationalist and wanted their land black. They wanted to work with white government and debate.
Describe the Programme of Action 1949.
1- Aims
2- Examples that inspired others
1- To escalate non-violent actions like strikes and boycotts. To work independently of whites. To reject racial segregation.
2- Excited by prospect of quality held by charter of the UN. Encouraged when India became independent. Inspired by Indians and Communists (non-violence). Learnt from communist party when organising support among work strikes. Ghandis non-violence. UN.
Describe the Idealist nature of Apartheid.
Total separation.
Blacks on reserves- farming, tribal homelands, blacks/ whites separate homelands.
White control of economy- industry would solely be in white domain or machines, mining.
Describe the Practical nature of Apartheid.
Desperation as much as possible.
Led to Petty Apartheid.
Caveat: industrial need for cheap black labour to maximise profit, goods can be sold around world, due to high standard of living they needed money, use black migrant workers for low wages who don’t have to support family’s (like the migrant labour system).
What was the Nature of Apartheid? Idealist or Practical.
-NP ensured flagship policy was vague enough (Sauer) to ensure flexibility in implementation.
-Wanted to seem committed to Apartheid without fixing themselves to a certain reality. They ensures different interpretations could be met without alienation.
-Vague and Commitment to flexibility creates problem of idealist versus practical.
Was Apartheid planned?
NO-
- In 1948, NP had no experience and COULD NOT afford to work a master plan without support of all groups.
- Acts were introduced at different times even when NP was in power.
- Native Laws Amendment gave blacks rights to live in urban areas (laws don’t fit together).
- Dr Verwoerd laws in 1958 was different.
YES-
- Flagship policy from National Party.
