Essentials of host - Microorganisms interaction

Question 1

Humans play a substantial role as?

Answer 1

Microbial reservoirs

Question 2

Acquiring a microorganism from another human serving as the reservoir.

[transmission]

Answer 2

Direct transmission

Question 3

Can occur when microorganisms from one individual contaminate a vehicle of transmission, such as water (e.g., cholera), that is then ingested by another person.

[transmission]

Answer 3

Indirect transmission

Question 4

Hospital-acquired, health care— associated, or long-term care — associated infections historically are referred to as?

Answer 4

nosocomial infections

Question 5

When a human infection results from such an encounter, it is referred to as?

Answer 5

Zoonotic infection

Question 6

not only survive but also thrive and multiply; Virtheir presence is more persistent.

Answer 6

Resident microbiota

Question 7

Pathogens, and the characteristics that enable them to cause disease are referred to as?

Answer 7

Virulence factors

Question 8

2 terms that reflect the degree to which a microorganism is capable of causing disease.

Answer 8

Pathogenicity and Virulence

Question 9

Specifically refers to the organism’s ability to cause disease.

Answer 9

Pathogenicity

Question 10

Refers to the measure or degree of pathogenicity of an organism.

Answer 10

Virulence

Question 11

Organism of high pathogenicity is very likely to cause?

Answer 11

disease

Question 12

Organism of low pathogenicity is much less likely to cause

Answer 12

infection

Question 13

Organisms that cause infection when one or more of the host’s defense mechanisms are disrupted or malfunction are known as?

Answer 13

Opportunistic pathogens

Question 14

Opportunistic pathogens, and the infections they cause are referred to as?

Answer 14

Opportunistic infections

Question 15

Once surface attachment has been secured, microbial invasion into subsurface tissues and organs (i.e., infection) is accomplished by disruption of the skin and mucosal surfaces by several mechanisms (box 3-3) or by the direct action of an organism’s virulence factors

[microbial virulence factors]

Answer 15

Invasion

Question 16

Avoid phagocytosis by producing a large capsule that inhibits the phagocytic process.

[microbial virulence factors]

Answer 16

Survival agents inflammation

Question 17

Toxins are biochemically active substances released by microorganisms that have a particular effect on host cells.

[microbial virulence factors]

Answer 17

Microbial toxins

Question 18

Microorganisms typically exist as a group or community of organisms capable of adhering to each other or to other surfaces.

[microbial virulence factors]

Answer 18

Biofilm formation

Question 19

Infectious processes that develop quickly are referred to as acute infections, and those that develop and progress slowly, sometimes over a period of years, are known as

Answer 19

Chronic infections

Question 20

One of the most effective methods is vaccination, also referred to as

Answer 20

Immunization

Question 21

[2] two basic approaches to immunization.

Answer 21

Active immunization
Passive immunization

Question 22

Modified antigens from pathogenic microorganisms are introduced into the body and cause an immune response.

[immunization]

Answer 22

Active immunization

Question 23

With passive immunization, antibodies against a particular pathogen that have been produced in one host are transferred to a second host, where they provide temporary protection.

[immunization]

Answer 23

Passive immunization

Question 24

The administration of antibiotics when the risk of developing an infection is high, is another common medical intervention for preventing infection.

Answer 24

Prophylactic antimicrobial therapy

Question 25

The clues that an infection is occurring are known as?

Answer 25

the signs and symptoms