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Clin Path > Essentials of Dx - Midterm > Flashcards

Essentials of Dx - Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Congenital deficiency of coag. factor VIII
Recurrent hemarthroses and arthropathy
PTT: Prolonged

A

Hemophilia A

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2
Q

Congenital deficiency of coag. factor IX
Recurrent hemarthroses and arthropathy
PTT: Prolonged

A

Hemophilia B (Christmas Dz)

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3
Q

Most common inherited bleeding disorder

BT: prolonged

A

von Willebrand’s dz

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4
Q

PT: prolonged
APTT: normal
Platelet count: normal
BT: normal

A

early hepatic insufficiency

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5
Q

PT: prolonged
APTT: prolonged
Platelet count: decreased
BT: prolonged

A

liver cirrhosis

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6
Q

What findings indicate an iron deficiency anemia?

A

Decreased SI, % saturation, serum ferritin

Increased TIBC

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7
Q

Serum ferritin < 12 mcg/L
Caused by bleeding unless proved otherwise
Responds to iron therapy

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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8
Q

Macrocytic anemia
Macro-ovalocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils on peripheral blood smear
Serum vitamin B12 level < 100 pg/mL

A

B12 deficiency

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9
Q

Macrocytic anemia
macro-ovalocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils on peripheral blood smear
Normal serum vitamin B12 levels
Reduced folate levels in RBCs or serum

A

Folate deficiency

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10
Q

Anemia, normocytic or microcytic
Normal or increased iron stores
Underlying chronic disease

A

Anemia of chronic diseases

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11
Q 
Acquired anemia caused by IgG autoantibody
Spherocytes and reticulocytosis on peripheral blood smear
Positive antiglobulin (Coombs) test
A

Immunohemolytic anemias

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12
Q

Microcytosis disproportionate to the degree of anemia
Positive family history or lifelong personal history of microcytic anemia
Abnormal RBC morphology with microcytes, acanthocytes, and target cells
Elevated levels of Hgb A2 and F

A

Thalassemias

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13
Q

Recurrent painful episodes
Positive family history and lifelong history of hemolytic anemia
Irreversibly sickled cells on peripheral blood smear
Hemoglobin S is the major Hgb seen on electrophoresis

A

Hemoglobin S abnormalities

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14
Q

Positive family history
Splenomegaly
Spherocytes and increased reticulocytes on peripheral blood smear
Microcytic, hyperchromic indices

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

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15
Q

X-linked recessive disorder seen commonly in American black men
episodic hemolysis in response to oxidant drugs or infection
Minimally abnormal peripheral blood smear
Reduced levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase between hemolytic episodes

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

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16
Q

Short duration of symptoms, including fatigue, fever, and bleeding
Cytopenias or pancytopenia
More than 20% blasts in the bone marrow
Blasts in peripheral blood in 90% of patients

A

Acute leukemias

17
Q

Increased RBC count
Splenomegaly
normal arterial oxygen saturation
usually elevated WBC count and platelet count

A

polycythemia vera

18
Q

elevated WBC count
markedly left-shifted myeloid series but with a low percentage of promyelocytes and blasts
Presence of Philadelphia chromosome

A

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

19
Q

Striking splenomegaly
Teardrop poikilocytosis on peripheral smear
Leukoerythroblastic blood picture; giant abnormal platelets
Hypercellular bone marrow with reticulin or collagen fibrosis

A

Myelofibrosis (with myeloid metaplasia)

20
Q

Elevated platelet count in absence of other causes
Normal RBC mass
Absence of Philadelphia chromosome

A

Essential thrombocytosis (ET)

21
Q

Lymphocytosis > 5000/mcL

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

22
Q

Pancytopenia
splenomegaly, often massive
Hairy cells present on blood smear and especially in bone marrow biopsy

A

hairy cell leukemia

23
Q

Bone pain, often in the spine
Monoclonal paraprotein by serum or urine protein electrophoresis or immunofixation
Abnormal plasma cells >20% of bone marrow

A

Multiple myeloma

24
Q

Sudden increase in BUN or serum creatinine
Oliguria often associated
S/Sx depend on cause

A

Acute kidney injury

25
Q

Edema
Hypertension
Hematuria (w/ or w/o dysmorphic red cells, RBC casts)

A

Acute nephritis (nephritic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis)

26
Q

Proteinuria
Glomerular hematuria
Symptoms 1-3 weeks after infection

A

Postinfectious or poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

27
Q

Progressive azotemia over months to years
S/Sx of uremia when nearing end-stage disease
Hypertension in the majority
Isosthenuria and broad casts in urinary sediment are common
Bilateral small kidneys on ultrasound are diagnostic

A

Chronic kidney disease

28
Q

Urine protein excretion > 3.5 g/1.73 m2 per 24 hrs
Hypoalbuminemia (albumin < 3 g/dL)
Peripheral edema

A

Nephrotic syndrome from systemic disease

29
Q

Fever
Flank pain
Irritative voiding symptoms
Positive urine culture

A

Acute pyelonephritis

30
Q

Fever
Irritative voiding symptoms
Perineal or suprapubic pain; exquisite tenderness common on rectal exam
Positive urine culture

A

Acute bacterial prostatitis

31
Q

Irritative voiding symptoms
Perineal or suprapubic discomfort, often dull and poorly localized
Positive expressed prostatic secretions and culture

A

Chronic bacterial prostatitis

32
Q

Flank pain
Nausea and vomiting
ID on noncontrast images

A

Nephrolithiasis

33
Q

Irritative voiding symptoms
gross or microscopic hematuria
Positive urinary cytology in most patients
Filling defect within bladder noted on imaging

A

Bladder cancer

34
Q

Obstructive or irritative voiding symptoms
May have enlarged prostate on rectal exam
Absence of UTI, neuro disorder, stricture disease, prostatic or bladder malignancy

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

35
Q

Prostatic induration on DRE or elevation of PSA
Most often asymptomatic
Rarely: systemic symptoms (weight loss, bone pain)

A

Prostate cancer

36
Q

Gross or microscopic hematuria
Flank pain or mass in some patients
Systemic symptoms such as fever, weight loss may be prominent
Solid renal mass on imaging

A

Renal cell carcinoma

Clin Path (2 decks)

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