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Clinical Bacteriology > Essentials Host-Microorganism Interactions > Flashcards

Essentials Host-Microorganism Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

HUMAN AND MICROBE INTERACTIONS:

acquiring a microorganism from another human serving as the reservoir

A

Direct transmission

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2
Q

HUMAN AND MICROBE INTERACTIONS:

can occur when microorganisms from one individual contaminate a vehicle of transmission, such as water (e.g., cholera), that is then ingested by another person.

A

Indirect Transmission

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3
Q

animals, insects, other humans

A

Vectors

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4
Q

water, food, air, medical devices, various other inanimate objects

A

Vehicles

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5
Q

HUMAN AND MICROBE INTERACTIONS:

Hospital-acquired, health care-associated, or long-term care-associated infections historically are referred to as

A

Nosocomial infections

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6
Q

ANIMALS AS MICROBIAL RESERVOIRS:

WHEN A HUMAN INFECTION RESULTS FROM SUCH AN ENCOUNTER

A

ZOONOTIC INFECTION

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7
Q

SKIN SERVES AS A PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BARRIER TO MICROORGANISMS:

microorganisms that inhabit many surfaces of the human body

A

*Colonizers *Normal flora
*Normal microbiota, *Human microbiome

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8
Q

SKIN SERVES AS A PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BARRIER TO MICROORGANISMS:

they are able to survive, but do not multiply, on the surface and are frequently shed with the host cells.

A

Transient colonizers

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9
Q

SKIN SERVES AS A PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BARRIER TO MICROORGANISMS:

not only survive but also thrive and multiply; their presence is more persistent.

A

Resident microbiota

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10
Q

PATHOGENS, AND THE CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENABLE THEM TO CAUSE DISEASE

A

VIRULENCE FACTORS

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11
Q

THE ORGANISM’S ABILITY TO CAUSE DISEASE

A

PATHOGENICITY

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12
Q

THE MEASURE OR DEGREE OF PATHOGENICITY OF AN ORGANISM

A

VIRULENCE

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13
Q

THE ORGANISM IS VERY LIKELY TO CAUSE DISEASE

A

HIGH PATHOGENICITY

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14
Q

THE ORGANISM IS MUCH LESS LIKELY TO CAUSE INFECTION

A

LOW PATHOGENICITY

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15
Q

ORGANISMS THAT CAUSE INFECTION WHEN ONE OR MORE OF THE HOST’S DEFENSE MECHANISMS ARE DISRUPTED OR MALFUNCTION

A

OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS

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16
Q

ORGANISMS THAT CAUSE INFECTION WHEN ONE OR MORE OF THE HOST’S DEFENSE MECHANISMS ARE DISRUPTED OR MALFUNCTION AND THE INFECTIONS THEY CAUSE IS CALLED

A

OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS

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17
Q

Microbial Virulence Factors

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Invasion
  3. Survival against inflammation
  4. Survival against the immune system
  5. Microbial toxins
  6. Biofilm formation
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18
Q

MICROBIAL VIRULENCE FACTORS:

ONCE SURFACE ATTACHMENT HAS BEEN SECURED, MICROBIAL INVASION INTO SUBSURFACE TISSUES AND ORGANS (I.E., INFECTION) IS ACCOMPLISHED BY DISRUPTION OF THE SKIN AND MUCOSAL SURFACES BY SEVERAL MECHANISMS OR BY THE DIRECT ACTION OF AN ORGANISM’S VIRULENCE FACTORS

A

INVASION

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19
Q

MICROBIAL VIRULENCE FACTORS:

AVOID PHAGOCYTOSIS BY PRODUCING A LARGE CAPSULE THAT INHIBITS THE PHAGOCYTIC PROCESS

A

SURVIVAL AGAINST INFLAMMATION

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20
Q

MICROBIAL VIRULENCE FACTORS:

TOXINS ARE BIOCHEMICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES RELEASED BY MICROORGANISMS THAT HAVE A PARTICULAR EFFECT ON HOST CELLS

A

MICROBIAL TOXINS

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21
Q

MICROBIAL VIRULENCE FACTORS:

MICROORGANISMS TYPICALLY EXIST AS A GROUP OR COMMUNITY OF ORGANISMS CAPABLE OF ADHERING TO

A

BIOFILM FORMATION

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22
Q

Bacterial Toxins:

*General toxin common to almost all gram-negative bacteria
*Composed of the lipopolysaccharide portion of cell envelope
*Released when a gram-negative bacterial cell is destroyed

A

Endotoxins

23
Q

Bacterial Toxins:

*Most commonly associated with gram-positive bacteria
*Produced and released by living bacteria; do not require
bacterial death for release
*Specific toxins target specific host cells; the type of toxin varies with the bacterial species
*Some kill host cells and help spread bacteria in tissues (e.g., enzymes that destroy key biochemical tissue components or specifically destroy host cell membrane)
*Some destroy or interfere with specific intracellular activities (e.g., interruption of protein synthesis, interruption of internal cell signals, or interruption of the neuromuscular system)

A

Exotoxins

24
Q

OUTCOME OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES:

INFECTIOUS PROCESSES THAT DEVELOP QUICKLY

A

ACUTE INFECTIONS

25
Q

OUTCOME OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES:

DEVELOP AND PROGRESS SLOWLY, SOMETIMES OVER A PERIOD OF YEARS

A

CHRONIC INFECTIONS

26
Q

SOME PATHOGENS, PARTICULARLY CERTAIN VIRUSES, CAN BE CLINICALLY SILENT INSIDE THE BODY WITHOUT ANY NOTICEABLE EFFECT ON THE HOST BEFORE SUDDENLY CAUSING A SEVERE AND ACUTE INFECTION. DURING THE SILENT PHASE, THE INFECTION IS SAID TO BE

A

Latent

27
Q

PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES:
ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHODS IS _________, ALSO REFERRED TO AS ___________

A

VACCINATION, IMMUNIZATION

28
Q

THE TWO BASIC APPROACHES TO IMMUNIZATION

A

ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION AND PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION

29
Q

MODIFIED ANTIGENS FROM PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS ARE INTRODUCED INTO THE BODY AND CAUSE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE

A

ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION

30
Q

ANTIBODIES AGAINST A PARTICULAR PATHOGEN THAT HAVE BEEN PRODUCED IN ONE HOST ARE TRANSFERRED TO A SECOND HOST, WHERE THEY PROVIDE TEMPORARY PROTECTION

A

PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION

31
Q

THE PASSAGE OF MATERNAL ANTIBODIES TO THE NEWBORN IS A KEY EXAMPLE OF _________

A

NATURAL PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION

32
Q

THE ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIBIOTICS WHEN THE RISK OF DEVELOPING AN INFECTION IS HIGH, IS ANOTHER COMMON MEDICAL INTERVENTION FOR PREVENTING INFECTION

A

PROPHYLACTIC ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY

33
Q

A person who harbors the etiologic agent but shows no apparent signs or symptoms of infection or disease

A

Carrier

34
Q

A single source or reservoir from which an etiologic agent responsible for an epidemic or outbreak originates

A

Common source

35
Q

The number of new diseases or infected persons in a population

A

Disease incidence

36
Q

The percentage of diseased persons in
a given population at a particular time

A

Disease prevalence

37
Q

A disease constantly present at some rate of occurrence in a particular location

A

Endemic

38
Q

A larger-than-normal number of diseased or infected individuals in a particular location

A

Epidemic

39
Q

A microorganism responsible for causing intection or infectious disease

A

Etiologic agent

40
Q

Infections acquired as a result of a medical procedure, such as insertion of a central line, catheter, or ventilator, or as a result of participation or admission into a health care facility

A

Health care-associated infection

41
Q

An individual’s microbiologic environment, present in or on the human host

A

Microbiome

42
Q

The means by which etiologic agents are brought in contact with the human host (e.g., infected blood, contaminated water, insect bite)

A

Mode of transmission

43
Q

The state of disease and its associated effects on the host

A

Morbidity

44
Q

The incidence of a particular disease state

A

Morbidity rate

45
Q

Death resulting from disease

A

Mortality

46
Q

The incidence in which a disease results in death

A

Mortality rate

47
Q

Infection for which the etiologic agent was acquired in a hospital or long-term health care center or facility

A

Nosocomial infection

48
Q

A larger than normal number of diseased or infected individuals that occurs over a relatively short period

A

Outbreak

49
Q

An epidemic that spans the world

A

Pandemic

50
Q

The origin of the etiologic agent or location from which it disseminates (e.g., water, food, insects, animals, other humans

A

Reservoir

51
Q

Laboratory-based characterization of etiologic agents designed to establish their relatedness to one another during a particular outbreak or epidemic

A

Strain typing:

52
Q

Any type of epidemiologic investigation that involves data collection for characterizing circumstances. surrounding the incidence or prevalence of a particular disease or infection

A

Surveillance

53
Q

A living entity (animal, insect, or plant) that transmits
the etiologic agent

A

Vector

54
Q

A nonliving entity that is contaminated with the etiologic agent and as such is the mode of transmission for that agent

A

Vehicle

Clinical Bacteriology (1 decks)

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