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Bioethics > ESSENTIALS > Flashcards

ESSENTIALS Flashcards

1
Q

4 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROFESSION

A

Competence in a specialized body of knowledge and skill

Provision of a particular service to society

Standard of education and practice

Self-regulation

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2
Q

2 Commitments

A

committed to excellence to clinical practice
committed to legal, ethical, and professional etiquette

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3
Q

Judgement and Sanction

Ethical
Legal Requirements
Professional Etiquette

A

ethical
J: Right or wrong
S: Loss of reputation and Loss of Professional Affliations

Legal Requirements
J: Legal or Illegal
S: Punishment as prescribed by law or imprisonment

Professional etiquette
J: Proper or Improper
S: Loss of Professional Respect and Fellowship

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4
Q

Immanuel Kant

A
  1. It is based on Human Freedom
  2. Immortality of Soul
  3. God is a Divine Being of Intelligence who created an order off design
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5
Q

6 Liberty-Limiting Principles

A
  1. Harm Principle
  2. Offense Principle
  3. Paternalism
  4. Legal moralism
  5. Extreme paternalism
  6. social welfare principle
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6
Q

It refers to the principle that the government has a responsibility to act as a guardian for individuals who are unable to take care of themselves, such as minors or individuals with mental disabilities. This concept allows the government to intervene in situations where it is deemed necessary to protect the welfare and interests of vulnerable individuals.

A

parens patriae

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7
Q

Duly Justified Principles of Distributive Justice

A
  1. to each person an equal share
  2. to each person according to individual need
  3. to each person according to acquisition in a free market
  4. to each person according to individual effort
  5. to each person according to societal contribution
  6. to each person according to merit
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8
Q

Case-based reasoning that uses precedent cases and analogy to resolve new cases in healthcare.

A

casuistry

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9
Q

Prioritizes communal good over individual good, and requires communal deliberation and understanding in decision making

A

communitarianism

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10
Q

applying fairness and justice when the strict interpretation of the law leads to unfair or impractical results.

A

principle of epikia

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11
Q

3 conditions that make the Agent Responsible for the evil effect of an act

A
  1. if the agent foresees the evil effect at least in a general way
  2. if the agent is free to refrain from doing that which is the cause of the evil effect
  3. if the agent knows that he is morally bound not to do that which is the cause of the evil effect
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12
Q

4 conditions for the agent to be allowed to perform double effect act

A
  1. the action must be morally good in itself
  2. the good effect of the act must precede the evil effect which is morally allowed to happen as a regrettable consequence
  3. there must be a grave or sufficient reason in doing the act
  4. the evil effect should not outweigh the good effect
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13
Q

the interference with, limitation of, or usurpation of individual autonomy justified by reasons referring exclusively to the welfare or needs of the person whose autonomy is being interfered with, limited, or usurped

A

paternalism

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14
Q

refers to actions intended to keep individuals from harm

A

principles of paternalism

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15
Q

refers to actions intended to benefit the doer of the action

A

extreme paternalism

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16
Q

4 elements of Principle of Beneficence
(William Frankena)

A
  1. one ought not to inflict evil or harm
  2. one ought to prevent evil or harm
  3. one ought to remove evil or harm
  4. one ought to promote good
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17
Q

non hurting of all forms of life

A

ahimsa

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18
Q

rendering what is due or merited

A

justice

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19
Q

client’s right to have control their personal information and be free from being observed by others not involved in such care

A

privacy

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20
Q

client’s right to have their information kept secret

A

confidentiality

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21
Q

Requires the non-disclosure of private or secret information with which one is entrusted

A

Principle of Confidentiality

22
Q

The duty to avoid harming others, specifically patients. It requires avoiding negligent and harmful care.

A

Nonmaleficence

23
Q

The duties to prevent and remove harm, and promote good. It includes not inflicting harm, preventing harm, removing harm, and promoting good.

A

Beneficence

24
Q

Three evolutionary phases of bioethical studies

A
  1. Medical studies
  2. Research ethics
  3. Public Policy
25
Q

attempted to humanize the cruel and barbaric nature of experiments using human species in German concentration camps. It takes into account the experimental subjects’ consent, now known as informed consent, informed decision or informed choice

A

Nuremberg Code of 1947

26
Q

Developed by the World Medical Association, the ______ provides guidelines for medical research involving human subjects. It emphasizes the importance of informed consent, confidentiality, and the necessity for ethical review by an independent committee.

A

Declaration of Helsinki of 1964

27
Q

Issued by the U.S. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, the _____outlines ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human subjects. It focuses on three core principles:
1.
2.
3.
These principles serve as the foundation for the ethical conduct of research involving human subjects in the United States and beyond.

A

Belmont Report of 1979

three core principles
1. respect for persons
2. beneficence
3. justice

28
Q

accentuates the participatory aspect of decision making in a democratic setup with regard to the formulation of public policies for the benefit of all.
refers to the people’s efforts or involvement in formulating public guidelines for both clinical cases and biomedical research

A

Public policy

29
Q

oldest known formulation of medical ethics, was named after

A

Hippocratic Oath

30
Q

rules out any form of abortifacient and sexual relations between doctors and patients;
- moral significance of confidentiality, the medical secrecy)

A

Hippocratic Oath

31
Q

Field of employment requires special education or skill or acquiring knowledge of a particular discipline

A

Profession

32
Q

Criteria of Profession

A
  1. He has gained the knowledge through special education
  2. Practice of his profession is predominantly mental and intellectual
33
Q
  • Any professional practicioner in like of health care duly licensed to practice in the Philippines
A

Health care professional

34
Q
  • Relationship based on trust and confidence to one another
A

fiduciary relationship

35
Q
  • Health care professional groups generally operate under this
  • It outlines the activities the providers perform in the delivery of px care
A

legal practice act

36
Q
  • Developed to assist in self-regulation
A

Code of ethics

37
Q
  • Refers to the study on how we make judgement in regards to right or wrong
38
Q
  • Serve as the foundation of ethical theories
A

ethical postulates

39
Q

it deals with a systematized body of knowledge that can be used, practiced, and applied to human action.

A

Bioethics as practical science

40
Q
  • It establishes norms or standards for the direction and regulation of human actions
A

Bioethics as normative science

41
Q

General ethics is sometimes called as

A

normative ethical inquiry

42
Q
  • Refers to the diverse ethical formulation of the general and universal concepts and principles that serves as the foundation of morality
A

General Ethics

43
Q
  • Involves practical application of these ethical principles to specific issues or situations addressing real-world dilemmas in fields like medicine, business, or technology.
A

applied ethics

44
Q
  • Deals with the rules by which the people would behave and act so that they can properly live their professional life
A

Professional ethics

45
Q
  • A natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms including their structure, function, growth, origin, distribution, and taxonomy
46
Q
  • Ethics for medical profession
  • Ethics of life
  • A branch of applied ethics which investigates practices and developments in the life sciences and or biomedical fields
  • As an applied ethics, its primary and major predicaments are those concerning life, health, and death that have resulted from modern biological technology, particularly the way they have affected human values.
47
Q
  • Deals with a factual investigation of the social patterns of a society as compared to that of other society
  • Refers to all cultural practices which a particular society will accept as ethical
A

Non-normative ethics

48
Q
  • Attempts to disclose the underlying moral norm by which people act, judge, decide on certain ethical matters
A

normative ethics

49
Q
  • Specifies the particular situation in life in which they are valid and legitimate
A

special ethics

50
Q

is a legal doctrine where an individual assumes parental responsibilities for a child, typically in educational settings.

A

loco parentis

Bioethics (3 decks)

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